Functional methods of

investigations for
diseases cardiovascular
system (Daily
monitoring blood
pressure, Holter Name: Dar Shahid Yousuf
monitoring, ECG, Echo  Moradiya Jemish Kumar
CG) Groups:361
Internal Diseases
 Cardiovascular diseases are among the leading
causes of death worldwide. Early detection and
proper management of these diseases are crucial
for reducing their morbidity and mortality.
Functional methods of investigations such as
daily monitoring of blood pressure, Holter
INTRODUCTION monitoring, ECG, and Echo CG are important
tools for the diagnosis and management of
cardiovascular diseases. In this essay, we will
discuss each of these methods in detail and their
role in the management of
cardiovascular diseases.
Types
 Daily monitoring of blood pressure is a non-
invasive, simple, and reliable method for diagnosing
hypertension and monitoring the effectiveness of
treatment. This method involves measuring blood
Daily pressure at different times of the day, usually at
home or in the office, and recording the readings in
monitoring of a logbook. The data collected from daily monitoring
blood pressure can help identify patients with white-coat
hypertension, nocturnal hypertension, and masked
hypertension. It can also provide valuable
information about the effectiveness of treatment and
the need for medication adjustments.
 Holter monitoring is a non-invasive method
of assessing the electrical activity of the heart
over a 24-48 hour period. This method
involves attaching electrodes to the chest,
Holter which are connected to a small, portable
Monitoring device that records the heart's electrical
activity. Holter monitoring is used to detect
arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation and
ventricular tachycardia, and to evaluate the
effectiveness of anti-arrhythmic drugs.
Electrocardio
graphy
Working
Lead system
Bipolar leads
Unipolar Leads
Augmented
Limb Leads
Precordial
Leads
 Purpose:
Indications:
Abnormal ECG
Abnormal ECG
 Echocardiography (Echo CG) is a non-invasive
method of evaluating the structure and function
of the heart using ultrasound. This method
involves applying a small probe to the chest,
Echo CG which emits sound waves that bounce off the
heart and create images of its structure and
function. Echo CG is used to diagnose various
cardiac conditions, such as valve disorders,
cardiomyopathy, and heart failure.
 This is the most common type of
echocardiography.
Transthoracic A device called a transducer will be placed
echocardiogra on your chest over your heart. The transducer
phy sends ultrasound waves through your chest
toward your heart. A computer interprets the
sound waves as they bounce back to the
transducer. This produces the live images that
are shown on a monitor.
 In this procedure, the doctor guides a much
smaller transducer down your throat through your
mouth. They will numb your throat to make this
Transoesopha procedure easier and eliminate the gag reflex.
geal The transducer tube is guided through your
echocardiogra oesophagus, the tube that connects your throat to
phy your stomach. With the transducer behind your
heart, your doctor can get a better view of any
problems and visualize some chambers of the
heart that are not seen on the transthoracic
echocardiogram.
 Fetal echocardiography is used with expectant
Fetal mothers sometime during weeks 18 to 22Trusted
echocardiogra Source of pregnancy. The transducer is placed
over the abdomen of the pregnant person to check
phy for heart problems in the fetus. The test is
considered safe for an unborn child because it
does not use radiation, unlike an X-ray.
 A stress echocardiogram uses transthoracic
echocardiography, but the doctor takes
Stress images before and after you’ve exercised
or taken medication to make your heart
echocardiogra beat faster. This allows your doctor to test
phy how your heart performs under stress.
It can also show if there are any signs of
heart failure, high blood pressure, and
other problems.
 Functional methods of investigations such as daily
monitoring of blood pressure, Holter monitoring, ECG,
and Echo CG are important tools for the diagnosis and
management of cardiovascular diseases. These methods
are non-invasive, simple, and reliable, and provide
Conclusion valuable information about the structure and function of
the heart. Early detection and proper management of
cardiovascular diseases are crucial for reducing their
morbidity and mortality. Therefore, it is important to use
these functional methods of investigations in the
diagnosis and management of cardiovascular diseases.
References
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