Introduction to

Chemistry
Chapter 1
 What is Chemistry ?
•Chemistry is the study of
the composition of matter
•Matter is the “stuff” that
EVERYTHING is made of
 Five Major Areas of
Chemistry
• Organic Chemistry
• Inorganic Chemistry
• Analytical Chemistry
• Biochemistry
• Physical Chemistry
Organic Chemistry
• Study of compounds that
contain carbon
• All living things are
composed of carbon
• Millions of different
compounds
• Organic compounds
include:
• plastics, drugs,
petrochemicals, foods,
explosives, paints, etc.
Inorganic Chemistry
• Study of compounds
that do NOT contain
carbon
• Usually, but not always,
from non-living things
• Inorganic compounds
include :
• Salts, acids, bases,
water, most
fertilizers, etc.
Analytical Chemistry
• Study of the separation,
identification and
quantification of chemical
materials (i.e., what it is and
how much of it there is)
• Now it typically uses very
sophisticated and expensive
machinery
Biochemistry
• Study of the chemistry of living
things.
• Includes the study of the
structures, functions and
interactions of cellular
components such as proteins,
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic
acids and other biomolecules
• Most medical research includes
biochemical research
Physical Chemistry
• Study of the
theoretical aspects of
chemistry from a
physics point of view
• Includes the study of
atomic and subatomic
particles
• VERY math intensive !!!
How is our life affected
by Chemistry ?
 How is our life affected
by Chemistry ?
• Materials such as metals, plastics, paints and dyes.
• Energy from fossil fuels, batteries and nuclear power
plants
• Medical advances such as new medicines and clinical
tests, and Biotechnological advances such as cloning
• Increased food yields by the use of fertilizers
• However, we also pollute through our use of chemicals
and create new problems such as global warming and
acid rain.
 Scientific Method
• Scientific Method is a logical approach to the solution of
scientific problems
• Starts with an OBSERVATION, which raises a question

• Then you may make a HYPOTHESIS, or a proposed

explanation or reason for what you observed
• You may then perform an EXPERIMENT to determine if
your hypothesis is correct
• If hypothesis is incorrect, more experiments are performed

• If a hypothesis is tested enough and the outcome is always

the same, it may result in a SCIENTIFIC THEORY
 Parts of the Scientific
Method
•Observations
•Ask questions
•Hypothesize
•Experiment
•Draw a valid conclusion.
•After many trials, develop
a theory or law.
Being A Good Observer

Observation Inference
Uses the five senses Involves a judgment
or assumption.
DATA
• Observations are also called data.
• There are 2 types

QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
Descriptions; no Measurements; must
numbers. have numbers and
units.
 A Scientific Experiment
Procedure Variable
The order of Any factor
events in an that could
experiment; influence the
the “recipe”. result.

• Experiments must be controlled; they must have two

set-ups that must differ by only one variable.
• The conclusion must be based on the data.
Independent vs.
Dependent
•Independent variable – the part of the
experiment that is being changed, or
manipulated.

•Dependent variable – the part of the

experiment that changes as a result of the
impact from the independent variable.
 Make observation
Scientific
Method Ask question

Develop
hypothesis

Test hypothesis
Test with an
hypothesis experiment
with Revise
further hypothesis
experiment
s Analyze data
and draw
conclusions

Hypothesis Hypothesis
IS is NOT
supported supported

Develop
theory
Scientific Law vs Scientific Theory
Scientific Law What they share in Scientific Theory
• Conclusion: “what” common • Conclusion: explains
happens • Both start out as a “why”/”how”
hypothesis something happens
Examples: • Both go through
extensive Examples:
• Law of Gravity experimentation over Theory of Gravity
• Gravity on Earth: 9.8 many years by many • Based on Earth’s
m/s2 scientists. mass and distance
• Gravity on Moon: • Both are peer from the sun.
1.62 m/s2 reviewed. • Atomic Theory
• Gravity on Jupiter: • Both are • Atoms contain
24.79 m/s2 overwhelmingly protons & neutrons
• Law of accepted by the in their nucleus
Thermodynamics scientific community. with electrons
• Measurement of encircling the
energy lost or nucleus in orbitals.
gained
 Scientific Theories and
Scientific Laws (1pts_AP)
• Both are created by the Scientific Method through
the formation and testing of hypothesis
• SCIENTIFIC THEORIES are broad and extensively
tested, but can never be proved because it is
always possible that a new experiment may
disprove it
• SCIENTIFIC LAWS describe a natural phenomenon
without attempting to prove it. They are often
expressed by simple mathematical relationships.
 Check _In

Which of the following is a common misconception about

scientific theories and laws?
A) Theories and laws work together to help scientists
better understand the world around us.
B) Theories explain and laws describe phenomenon.
C) Theories eventually become laws.
D) None of the above are examples of misconceptions
about scientific theories and laws.
 Check _ In
Which of the following allows scientists to explain a
broad range of observations and even make predictions?

A) Laws

B) Facts

C) Theories
 Check _In

Which of the following is a common misconception about

scientific theories and laws?
A) Theories and laws work together to help scientists
better understand the world around us.
B) Theories explain and laws describe phenomenon.
C) Theories eventually become laws.
D) None of the above are examples of misconceptions
about scientific theories and laws.
 Measurements
Chapter 2

(if you refer Pearson book , this will

be your Chapter 3 - Scientific
Measurement)
Measurements in
Chemistry
In chemistry we…

•Do experiments

•Measure quantities

•Use numbers to report measurements.

Stating a Measurement
In every measurement there is a

NUMBER

Followed by a

UNIT from a measuring device.

 Metric System
•Is a decimal system
based on 10.

•Used in most of the

world.

•Used by scientists
and hospitals.
Metric Base Units
Quantity Unit Symbol
Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Temperature kelvin K
Amount of mole mol
Substance
Electric Current ampere a
Luminous candela cd
Intensity
 Mass vs. Weight
• Mass: Amount of
Matter measured with Can you hear
me now?
a BALANCE

• Weight: Force
exerted by the mass,
only present with
gravity (pounds,
measured with a
SCALE)
Metric Prefixes
Prefix Symbol Factor
kilo- k 1000
hecto h 100
deka da 10
BASE UNIT --- 1
deci- d 0.1
centi- c 0.01
milli- m 0.001
 Temperature Conversions

What is 32°C in Kelvin?

Dimensional Analysis
Converting between units
When Converting Within the
Metric System
K H Da base D C M

King Henry’s Daughter Barbie drinks

chocolate milk
Converting Between Units
•Use dimensional analysis
•Also known as unit analysis
•Use conversion factors
Conversion Factors
Fractions in which the numerator and denominator are
the same quantity expressed in different units

Example: 10 mm = 1 cm

Factors: 10 mm and 1 cm
1 cm 10 mm
 How do you convert from
milliseconds to seconds?
Initial unit
2.5 ms
Final
Conversion Factor
unit
2.5 ms x 1 s = 0.0025 s
1000 ms

cancel
Learning Check
You have 38 L of milk. How much
would this be in cL?
Conversion factor

38 L x 100 cL = 3800 cL
1L

Cancel
A multistep conversion
If an ant is moving 74 mm/s, how
fast is it moving in m/min?
Conversion factors

74 mm x m__ x 60 s = 4.44
s 1000 mm 1 min m/min

cancel
 Learning Check
Indicatethe unit that completes each of the
following equalities:
A. 1000 m = _____
1) 1 mm 2) 1 km 3) 1 dm
B. 0.001 g = _____
1) 1 mg 2) 1 kg 3) 1 dg
C. 0.01 m = _____
1) 1 mm
38 2) 1 cm 3) 1dm
Let’s Create some Conversion
Factors
Write conversion factors for each pair of units:
A. liters and mL

B. hours and minutes

C. meters and kilometers

39
Derived Units
Density & Volume
 Volume
Volume of Solids
Volume of Liquids
height

width
length
Units will be m3 or cm3 Units in mL or L

When using a graduated cylinder,

measure to bottom of the meniscus!
Calculating Volume
►A solid object is 7 cm long, 4 cm high and
6 cm wide. What is its volume?

V=lxwxh
V = 7 cm x 6 cm x 4 cm
V = 168 cm3
Calculating Volume
►A solid object has a volume of 173 cm3, a
height of 5 cm, and a width of 2 cm. How
long is the object?
V=lxwxh
V =lxwxh
(w x h) (w x h)
V = l xw x h
173 cm3 = l
2 cm x 5 cm l = 17.3 cm
 Density
• Take a look at the two boxes below. Each box has the
same volume. If each ball has the same mass, which
box would weigh more? Why?

d = M/V
►The box that has more balls has more mass per
unit of volume. Density is the ratio of an
object's mass to its volume.
 Learning Check
If a substance contract when it freezes,its
A.density will remain the same
B. density will increase
C. density will decrease
D.change in density cannot be predicted
 Density
• An object has a volume of 825 cm3 and a density of 13.6
g/cm3. Find its mass.
 Density
• A liquid has a density of 0.87 g/mL. What volume is
occupied by 25 g of the liquid?
Sink or Float?
►Water has a density of 1.0 g/mL

►Any object that has a density LESS than

1.0 g/mL will float.

►Any object that has a density MORE

than 1.0 g/mL will sink.
Graphs
Elements of a “good” line graph
• Axes labeled, with
units
• Use the available
space
• Title
• Neat
• Consistent
intervals (marked
with ticks)
• Descriptive title
Proportions
• Direct Proportion

x
►Inverse Proportion

x
Percent Error
Once you do your calculations, you can
determine your error. Errors can lead to poor
accuracy and poor precision…
 How good are the measurements?
►Scientists use two words to describe how good
measurements are.

•Accuracy- how close the

measurement is to the actual value.

•Precision- how well can the

measurement be repeated.
Uncertainty in Measurement
•All measurements contain some uncertainty.
■We make errors
■Tools have limits
•Uncertainty is measured with

■ Accuracy How close to the true value?

■ Can be individual, or an average of trials
■ Precision How close to each other
■ Requires several measurements
Accuracy vs. Precision

Good accuracy Poor accuracy Poor accuracy

Good precision Good precision Poor precision
Percent Error vs. Percent Difference
•Percent ERRor:
•Measures the accuracy of an
experiment
•Can have + or – value