BTVTE FSM 3A At the beginning of the 20th century, the Lumads controlled an area which now covers 17 of Mindanao's 24 provinces, but by the 1980 census, they constituted less than 6% of the population of Mindanao and Sulu. Heavy migration to Mindanao of Visayans, spurred by government-sponsored resettlement programs, turned the indigenous Lumads and Moros into minorities. Snoradic fighting took place in 1901 and 1903. Moros attacked the American troops Lake Lanao, in Mindanao. The best known of the American-Moro battles occurred In March 1906 at the top of Mount Dajo on the island of Jolo. Six hundred Moro who had inbon refuge inside a massive volcanic crater were killed by troops under Gen. Leonard Wood. Many women and children were killed in the fight. Wood came under severe Liricism in the U.S. Congress because of that. He was later absolved of any wrongdoing W. Pres. Theodore Roosevelt. Renewed hostilities occurred in September 1911 and June 1913. Fighting ceased after that, although Moro separatist movements continued into the 21st century. The Americans continued the colonization program on Mindanao. In the 1930s, the US authorities encouraged Christians to migrate to the southern region of Mindanao, which was mostly populated by Muslims. On February 27, 1939. The 62 pioneers (primarily agricultural and trade graduates) were the first big batch of settlers to land in GenSan with the mission to industriously cultivate GenSan's fertile expanse of land. After this first influx of pioneers, thousands more from Luzon and the Visayas have subsequently migrated into the area. This movement started the displacement of some native B’laan tribe to the mountains and lost their livelihood (Hall, 2010). The migrants were on the advantaged side in legally securing lands. The migrants made it difficult for the indigenous people and Muslims to own their farmlands because they did not have land titles to prove ownership. So, the migrant Christians usually won over land disputes that tremendously increased both their properties and their population as years passed. The Americans used their control over property and land laws to let American corporations and Christian settlers take over native resources. They deprived the Moro Sultanates in the west of self-governance, and independence. Ilokanos, Cebuanos, and Illongos streamed into Moro territories in the western and central portions of Mindanao. These resulted in armed struggles. The natives, especially those who refused to convert to Christianity, became victims of land-grabbing by the migrants who were promised vast and fertile lands by the government. Massive Filipino Christian settlements continued after the Philippines became independent from America. The Americans passed the rule to the Christian Filipinos. Land disputes between the Christian settlers and the Muslims and the tribal natives broke out into violence. Then, the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) was formed, and the Moro armed insurgency against the Philippine rule happened. Because of this strife between the two groups, the Philippine government encouraged Filipino Christians in Mindanao to form militias called Ilaga to counter the Moro insurgency. The Ilaga was responsible for the killings and other atrocities in Mindanao. They were responsible for the Manili massacre in June 1971, which killed 65 Muslim civilians in a Mosque. Davao in Mindanao had a sizable population of Japanese immigrants. The migration of the Japanese plantation workers flourished in Davao even in the early period of 1900's. They controlled the entire abaca industry under the American regime. Davao became the biggest producer of abaca in the whole country during the period. Substantial commercial interests such as copra, timber, fishing, import, and export trading prospered (Cantal et al., 2014). The Moros hated these Japanese immigrants and fought the Japanese invaders when they landed at Davao in Mindanao. In the 1950s, there was an unprecedented influx of migrants from other parts of the Philippines to Mindanao particularly to Davao due to the economic opportunities it offered. In the 1960's, the banana and pineapple plantation industries became the source of development. However, social unrest was also prevalent (Cantal et al., 2014). In 1969, Muslim scholar Nur Misuari established the Mora National Liberation Front (MNLF), which begins an armed campaign to put up a separate Islamic state in the southern third of the country. Between the years 1972-1976, the fighting raged between government forces and the MNLF, which is supported by some Muslim nations. Thousands were killed, with whole towns destroyed in the violence. In 1976, under a deal brokered by the Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC), the MNLF signed an agreement with the Marcos administration to end hostilities in exchange for the government working to grant greater autonomy in Muslim-populated areas. In the year 1977, Misuari's deputy, Hashim Salamat, led a group of key commanders in splitting from the MNLF. They were unhappy with Misuari's compromise and vowed to continue fighting for independence. Salamat later officially formed the MILF. During the presidency of Marcos in the 70's, tourism was promoted particularly in Mindanao. Unfortunately, it failed to attract investors to come because of the peace and order situations of the region. In 1978, one of the MNLF's fiercest ideologues, Salamat Hashim, split from the MNLF and vowed to press ahead with the fight for an independent Islamic state. Salamat and Murad Ebrahim, another prominent rebel commander, formed the MILF in 1981. After the 1986 EDSA People Power Revolution that ousted Marcos, the Aquino administration launched peace talks with the MNLF. In 1989, the Organic Act for the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) was signed into law. In 1996, Misuari, on behalf of the MNLF, signed a final peace agreement with the Ramos government. That year, the MILF, which had long broken away from the MNLF, also entered informal talks with the Ramos government. But the MILF peace project was put on the back burner, allowing the organization to recruit, establish big camps in Central Mindanao, and become the most significant Muslim rebel movement. Former president Joseph Estrada mobilized the entire armed forces to crush the MILF and bring down its seat of power in Camp Abubakar, Central Mindanao in 2000. Former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo resumed negotiations with the MILF, taking a bold step in crafting a draft agreement that triggered widespread opposition from lawmakers and various sectors and which the Supreme Court, later on, declared as unconstitutional. In response, two MILF commanders led attacks across mainly. Christian areas of Mindanao. In October 2012, the Aquino administration and the MILF signed a peace agreement in Malacañang. It marked the first time the rebel group stepped into the country's seat of power. In March 2014, both parties signed the Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro (CAB). The Bangsamoro is home to most of the country's Muslim or Moro populations, composed of many ethnic groups such as the Maranao and the Tausug, the Banguingui (users of the vinta), as well as the collective group of indigenous tribes known as the Lumad.