CHAPTER

2:
Rocks and
Minerals

Ms. Mary Jean Dela Cruz

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

1. What are minerals and how are they

different from one another?
2. What is a rock and how is it formed?
3. What are the different types of rocks
and how can they be identified?
4. What processes are involved in
extracting mineral resources? How
do these processes affect the
environment?
 Essential Question 1

What are minerals and how are they

different from one another?
 BY Group

Identify which is a Mineral.

 1
TRANSITION HEADLINE
Let’s start with the first set of slides

Lab grown diamond 24k Gold Bronze

1
Coal Pearl Potassium

BIG CONCEPT
Bring the attention of your audience over a key concept
using icons or illustrations

2
Limestone “
Ice Berg Liquid Water

3
Graphite “
Earth-mined Diamond Granite

4
 1
TRANSITION HEADLINE
Let’s start with the first set of slides

Volcanic glass Amber Table Salt

5
 1
TRANSITION HEADLINE
Let’s start with the first set of slides

Corals Vegetables Sand

6
 “
ANSWER

11
 1
TRANSITION HEADLINE
Let’s start with the first set of slides

Lab grown diamond 24k Gold Bronze

Coal Pearl Potassium

BIG CONCEPT
Bring the attention of your audience over a key concept
using icons or illustrations

13
Limestone “
Ice Berg Liquid Water

14
Graphite “
Earth-mined Diamond Granite

15
 1
TRANSITION HEADLINE
Let’s start with the first set of slides

Volcanic glass Amber Table Salt

 1
TRANSITION HEADLINE
Let’s start with the first set of slides

Corals Vegetables Sand

 MINERAL

A naturally-occurring,
inorganic solid with a definite

18 chemical composition and an

ordered internal structure.

Mineralogy
 1
TRANSITION HEADLINE
Let’s start with the first set of slides

Lab grown diamond 24k Gold Bronze

Naturally Occurring
Coal Pearl Potassium

BIG CONCEPT
Bring the attention of your audience over a key concept
using icons or illustrations

Inorganic
Limestone “
Ice Berg Liquid Water

Solid
Graphite “
Earth-mined Diamond Granite

Definite Chemical
Composition
 1
TRANSITION HEADLINE
Let’s start with the first set of slides

Volcanic glass Amber Table Salt

Ordered Internal Structure

 TYPES OF MINERALS
According to its composition

1. Silicates
2. Oxides

24 3. Sulfides
4. Sulfates
5. Halides
6. Carbonates
7. Native Materials
 SILICATES OXIDES
▫ Major rock-forming minerals (92%) ▫ Minerals that contain oxygen and one
▫ Contain both silicon (Si) and oxygen (O). or more other elements, which are
Can also contain other elements their usually metals
crystal structure.
▫ Silicon-oxygen tetrahedrons ()

(Mg²⁺, Fe²⁺)₂SiO₄ Fe₃ O₄ .Magnetit Hematite Fe2O3

SiO₄ Olivine Feldspar e
Quartz Al + SiO2
 SULFIDES SULFATES
▫ Minerals that contain sulfate and
▫ Minerals that contain sulfide and one or
one or more other elements, which
more other elements, which are usually
are usually metals
metals
▫ tends to be evaporates or forms from
▫ economically important as metal ores volcanically heated water

Pyrite FeS₂ Galena PbS

 Halides Carbonates
• Minerals that contain the elements
• Minerals that contain a halogen ion (F, Cl,
carbon, oxygen, and one or more other
Br, I, At) plus one or more other elements.
metallic elements
• Soft and easily dissolve in water
• soft and easily dissolved by even mild
acids
Halides NaCl Sylvite KCl

Calcite Malichite Rhodochrosite

CaCO3 Cu₂CO₃(OH)₂ MnCO₃.

NATIVE METALS - Minerals that exist in relatively pure form (single metal)
- Copper and Gold
 Physical properties
of Minerals

1. Color 8. Crystal
Formation
2. Streak

28
9. Habit
3. Luster
10. Magnetism
4. Hardness
11. Taste
5. Density
12. Feel
6. Cleavage
13. Reaction to
7. Fracture
Acid
 COLOR
1. Most obvious property
2. Not reliable
3. Can be altered

29 4. Impurities

Similar mineral can have different

color
Different mineral can have similar
color
2 different Variations of Hematite

Streak
1. Color of mineral in powder form
2. Streak plate is used
3. More consistent than color

30 4. Hardness less than 7

31
 Luster
1. How light is reflected from the
surface of a mineral

32 • Metallic, non metallic, vitreous,

resinous, pearlescent, silky,
Earthy, and dull
 Hardness
4. A measure of the resistance of a
mineral to being scratched.

33 • Mohs Scale of Hardess -

Friedrich Mohs
 Specific Gravity
1. Measure of Density
• Ration of an object’s mass to its
volume (water)

34 • The higher the specific gravity,

the denser the mineral.
• Gold – 19; Ave- 2.7
 Cleavage
1. minerals breaks along a smooth
and definite surface.
• Direction

35 - One Direction, Two Directions,

Three Directions, All Directions
 Fracture

1. occur if a
mineral breaks

36
unevenly
- Uneven, rough,
jagged
 Crystal Form
1. provides a clue to the internal
structure of the mineral.

37 6 Basic system: Isometric/Cubic,

Tetragonal, Hexagonal, Monoclinic,
Triclinic, Hexagonal

no crystalline structure = amorphous

jagged
 Habit

1. Outward
appearance of

38
the mineral’s
crystal form.
 OTHERS

▫ Magnetism,
▫ Taste,

39 ▫ Effervescence or
Reaction to acid,
▫ Flourescent
Calcite

MAGNETITE
NaCl