Table of Contents

• Image Sensing and Acquisition

• Image Sampling and Quantization
• Some Basic Relationships between Pixels
• An Introduction to the Mathematical Tools Used in Digital
Image Processing

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 2.3 Image Sensing and Acquisition
• Illumination source  absorption and reflection by the el-
ements

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Image Processing and Intelligent Systems Laboratory 3
Image Processing and Intelligent Systems Laboratory 4
• Image Formation Model

0  f ( x, y )   (x,y): 2D spatial coordinate

f(x,y): 2D intensity function
f ( x , y )  i ( x, y ) r ( x , y ) i(x,y): illumination
0  i  , 0  r  1 r(x,y): reflectivity or transmitivity

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2.4 Image Sampling and Quantization

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Image Processing and Intelligent Systems Laboratory 7
• Representing Digital Images

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  f (0,0) f (0,1)  f (0, N  1) 
 f (1,0) f (1,1)  f (1, N  1) 
f ( x, y )  
     
 
 f ( M  1,0) f ( M  1,1)  f ( M  1, N  1)

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• Saturation and noise

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• N: the size of the image
• k: number of bits for the intensity level

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• Spatial and Intensity Resolution

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Image Processing and Intelligent Systems Laboratory 13
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• The Level of Detail

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• Isopreference Curves
– Vertical curve: subjective quality is independent of the number of
intensity levels

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Image Processing and Intelligent Systems Laboratory 17
 2.5 Some Basic Relationships between Pixels
• Neighbors of a Pixel

N 4 ( p) : Four horizontal - and - vertical neighbors

( x  1, y ), ( x  1, y ), ( x, y  1), ( x, y  1)
N D ( p) : Four diagonal neighbors
( x  1, y  1), ( x  1, y  1), ( x  1, y  1), ( x  1, y  1)
N 8 ( p) : By N 4 ( p) and N D ( p)

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• Adjacency, Connectivity, Regions, and Boundaries
4 - adjacency : Two pixels p and q if q  N 4 ( p)
8 - adjacency : Two pixels p and q if q  N 8 ( p)
m - adjacency : Two pixels p and q if q  N 4 ( p), or q  N D ( p) and N 4 ( p)  N 4 (q)  

– Path (or curve), connectivity (path exists)

– Image  subset of an image  Region (connected set)
– Adjacent regions
– Foreground (union of K disjoint regions) and background (its com-
plement)
– Boundary (border or contour): the set of points that are adjacent to
points in the complement of R

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• Distance Measures
Distance function or metric
p : ( x, y ), q : ( s, t ), z : (v, w)
(a) D ( p, q )  0, D( p, q )  0 iff p  q
(b) D ( p, q )  D (q, p ), and
(c) D ( p, z )  D ( p, q )  D (q, z )

Euclidean distance

 
1
De ( p, q)  x  s    y  t 
2 2 2

City - block ( D4 ) distance

D4 ( p, q)  x  s  y  t

Chessboard ( D8 ) distance
D8 ( p, q)  max x  s , y  t 

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 2.6 An Introduction to the Mathematical Tools
• Linear operations
H (af  bg )  aH ( f )  bH ( g )
H : an operator
f , g : two images
a, b : any two scalars
• Arithmetic Operations
s ( x, y )  f ( x, y )  g ( x , y )
d ( x, y )  f ( x, y )  g ( x, y )
p ( x , y )  f ( x, y )  g ( x, y )
v ( x, y )  f ( x, y )  g ( x, y )

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Image Processing and Intelligent Systems Laboratory 22
Image Processing and Intelligent Systems Laboratory 23
Image Processing and Intelligent Systems Laboratory 24
Image Processing and Intelligent Systems Laboratory 25
Image Processing and Intelligent Systems Laboratory 26
• Set and Logical Operations

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Image Processing and Intelligent Systems Laboratory 28
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• Spatial Operations
– Single-pixel operations

– Neighborhood operations

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• Geometric spatial transformations and image registration
( x, y )  T {(v, w)}
 t11 t12 0
x y 1  v w 1T  v w 1 t21 t22 0 
t31 t32 1 

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Image Processing and Intelligent Systems Laboratory 32
Image Processing and Intelligent Systems Laboratory 33
• Vector and Matrix Operations

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• Image Transforms

M 1 N 1
T (u, v)    f ( x, y )r ( x, y, u, v)
x 0 y  0
M 1 N 1
f ( x, y )    T (u , v )s ( x, y, u , v)
u 0 v 0

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Image Processing and Intelligent Systems Laboratory 36
• Probabilistic Methods

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 HW01
• Chapter 2 Problems (pp. 99-103)
– 2.1, 2.5, 2.7, 2.9, 2.11, 2.13, 2.20, 2.25

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