The Salem Witch Trials

and Witch hunts

塞勒姆女巫审判和女巫狩猎
Who were the Puritans? – Defined
 Refers to the movement for reform (change)
 During early late 1500s - 1600s
 Occurred within Church of England, left to modern
day USA.
 清教徒是谁定义
 指改革（变革）运动
 15 世纪初至 16 世纪末
 发生在英国国教内部，流传至今。
 Puritans - Education
 Strong belief in education was established to read
Bible
 First public school founded in 1635
 Harvard College became an icon for educating
ministers
 1647: Act passed ensured every town (of 100+
population) would attend grammar school for
free
 清教徒 - 教育

 坚定的教育信仰是为了阅读《圣经》
 第一所公立学校创建于 1635 年
 哈佛学院成为教育部长的偶像
 1647 年：法案通过，确保每个城镇（人口超
过 100 人）都能免费上文法学校
 How it all started?
 The Salem was in the middle of change: a
business elite was beginning to develop, two
clans (the Putnams and the Porters) were
competing for control of the village and its
people, and a debate was raging over how
independent Salem Village, tied more to the
interior agricultural regions, should be from
Salem, a center of sea trade.
 这一切是怎么开始的？

 塞勒姆正处于变革的中期：商业精英开始发
展，两个部族（ Putnams 和 Porters ）正在争
夺对村庄及其人民的控制权，关于与内陆农
业区联系更紧密的塞勒姆村应该如何独立于
海上贸易中心塞勒姆的争论也在激烈进行。
Salem Politics:
 Rev. Samuel Parris

 Forced to rely solely on volunteer contributions

 Because a faction denied paying him any money due to
the “perks” he was receiving from the Putnam's
 Eventually, faction would demand to be separate from
Putnam's congregation (unsuccessful)
 塞勒姆政治：
塞缪尔 · 帕里斯牧师

 被迫完全依靠志愿者捐款
 因为一个派系否认向他支付任何款项，因为他从普
特南家族获得了“津贴”
 最终，该派系要求与普特南的会众分离（没有成
功）
 Witchcraft
 Puritan definition:
 Entering into compact with
devil in exchange for
certain powers to do evil
 Was a sin because it denied
God’s
superiority
 Was a crime because
the witch could call
up the devil to perform
cruel acts against others
 The determinant:
 Often, the slaves would be
asked to make a “witch
cake”
 Made of rye meal
 Mixed with urine of the
afflicted
 Fed to a dog
 If dog displays similar
sign as the afflicted, then
they were bewitched
 巫术
 清教徒的定义 :
 与魔鬼订立契约以换取  决定性因素：
某些邪恶的力量  通常，奴隶们会被要求做
 是一种罪，因为它否定 一个“女巫蛋糕”
了上帝的  由黑麦粉制成
 优越  与患者尿液混合
 是犯罪，因为  喂狗
 女巫可以叫  如果狗表现出和受折磨的
 怂恿魔鬼对他人实施残 人相似的迹象，那么他们
忍的行为 就被迷住了
 The first cases
 In January 1692, priest Parris’ daughter Elizabeth
(or Betty), age 9, and niece Abigail Williams, age
11, started having “fits.” They screamed, threw
things, uttered peculiar sounds and contorted
themselves into strange positions. A local doctor
blamed the supernatural. Another girl, 12-year-
old Ann Putnam Jr., experienced similar
episodes.
 第一个案例
 1692 年 1 月，牧师帕里斯 9 岁的女儿伊丽莎
白（或贝蒂）和 11 岁的侄女阿比盖尔 · 威廉
姆斯开始“发作”。他们尖叫、扔东西、发
出奇怪的声音，并将自己扭曲成奇怪的姿
势。当地一位医生指责这是超自然现象。另
一个女孩， 12 岁的小安 · 普特南也经历过类
似的事件。
 On February 29, under pressure from parents and
colonial officials who tried local cases, the girls
blamed three women for afflicting them: Tituba,
a Caribbean woman enslaved by the Parris
family; Sarah Good, a homeless beggar; and
Sarah Osborne, an elderly poor woman.
 2 月 29 日，在父母和审理当地案件的殖民地
官员的压力下，女孩们指责三名妇女折磨她
们：蒂图巴，一名被帕里斯家族奴役的加勒
比妇女；莎拉 · 古德，一个无家可归的乞丐；
还有莎拉 · 奥斯本，一个贫穷的老妇人。
 Then they start to accuse:
Martha Corey – Accused
because of poor standing in
the community
Rebecca Nurse – 71, a
kind and generous lady, but
from Porters family, main
rival of Putnam family.
John and Elizabeth
Proctor Farmers whose
servant, Mary Warren
accused them of witchcraft
because John knew the
girls were lying and
requested that the girls be
harshly punished
Rev. John Burroughs –
Accused because left
position over a salary
dispute. Called the “Black
Minister”
 然后他们开始指责：
MarthaCorey– 因替身不佳 约翰和伊丽莎白 · 普
而被起诉 罗克特农民的仆人玛
社区 丽 · 沃伦指责他们使
Rebecca Nurse–71 岁， a 用巫术，因为约翰知
道这些女孩在撒谎，
善良大方的女士，但来自 并要求严厉惩罚这些
普特南家族的主要竞争对手 女孩
波特斯家族。 约翰 · 巴勒斯牧师
——因工资纠纷离职而
被起诉。被称为“黑
人部长”
 Trials
 On May 27, 1692, Governor William Phips
ordered the establishment of a Special Court. The
first accused witch brought in front of the special
court was Bridget Bishop, an older woman
known for her gossipy habits and promiscuity.
She was found guilty and, on June 10, became
the first person hanged on what was later called
Gallows Hill.
 试验

 1692 年 5 月 27 日，总督威廉 · 菲普斯下令

成立一个特别法庭。第一个被带到特别法庭
的被告女巫是布丽姬特 · 毕晓普，一位以八
卦和滥交著称的年长女性。她被判有罪，并
于 6 月 10 日成为第一个被吊死在后来被称
为加洛斯山的人。
 19 men and women had been hanged on Gallows
Hill. About 200 people was arested. Giles Corey,
71-year-old man, was pressed to death in
September 1692 with heavy stones after refusing
to submit himself to a trial. At least five of the
accused died in jail. Even animals fell victim to
the mass hysteria, with colonists in Andover and
Salem Village killing two dogs believed to be
linked to the devil.
 加洛斯山有 19 名男女被绞死。大约 200 人受
伤。现年 71 岁的 Giles Corey 在 1692 年 9 月
因拒绝接受审判而被沉重的石块砸死。至少
有五名被告在狱中死亡。甚至动物也成为了
集体歇斯底里的受害者，安多弗和塞勒姆村
的殖民者杀死了两只被认为与魔鬼有关的
狗。
 Just a few days after the court was established,
respected minister Cotton Mather wrote a letter
imploring the court not to allow spectral evidence
—testimony about dreams and visions. The court
largely ignored this request, sentencing the
hangings of five people in July, five more in
August and eight in September. On October 3,
Increase Mather, then-president of Harvard,
denounced the use of spectral evidence:
 就在法院成立几天后，受人尊敬的部长科顿
· 马瑟写了一封信，恳求法院不要允许光谱
证据——关于梦想和愿景的证词。法院基本
上无视这一请求，于 7 月判处 5 人绞刑， 8
月又判处 5 人， 9 月判处 8 人。 10 月 3
日，时任哈佛大学校长的 Increase Mather 谴
责了光谱证据的使用：
“Itwere better that ten
suspected witches should
escape than one innocent
person be condemned.”
“
与其让一个无辜的人受
到谴责，不如让十个可疑
的女巫逃脱。”
 Guvernor Phips, in response to these pleas and
his own wife’s questioning as a suspected witch,
prohibited further arrests and released many
accused witches. He dissolved the Court on
October 29, replacing it with a Superior Court of
Judicature, which disallowed spectral evidence
and condemned just 3 out of 56 defendants.
 Guvernor Phipps 在回应这些请求和他自己的
妻子被怀疑是女巫的询问时，禁止进一步逮
捕并释放了许多被指控的女巫。他于 10 月 29
日解散了法院，取而代之的是高级司法法
院，该法院不允许光谱证据， 56 名被告中只
有 3 人被判有罪。
 Most of the accused lived to the south of, and were
generally better off financially, than most of the accusers.
In a number of cases, accusing families stood to gain
property from the convictions of accused witches. Also,
the accused and the accusers generally took opposite sides
in a congregational schism that had split the Salem
community before the outbreak of hysteria. While many of
the accused witches supported former minister George
Burroughs, the families that included the accusers had--for
the most part--played leading roles in forcing Burroughs to
leave Salem. The conclusion that many scholars draw from
these patterns is that property disputes and congregational
feuds played a major role in determining who lived, and
who died, in 1692.
 大多数被告居住在南部，总体上经济状况比
大多数原告要好。在一些案件中，被指控的
家庭从被指控的女巫的定罪中获得财产。此
外，在歇斯底里爆发之前，被告和原告在一
场分裂塞勒姆社区的集会分裂中通常站在对
立的一边。虽然许多被指控的女巫支持前部
长乔治 · 巴勒斯，但包括指控者在内的家庭
在迫使巴勒斯离开塞勒姆的过程中发挥了主
导作用。许多学者从这些模式中得出的结论
是，财产纠纷和教会纷争在决定 1692 年谁
生谁死方面发挥了重要作用。
 After everything, Samuel Sewall, one of the judges, issued
a public confession of guilt and an apology. Several jurors
came forward to say that they were "sadly deluded and
mistaken" in their judgments. Reverend Samuel Parris
conceded errors of judgment, but mostly shifted blame to
others. Parris was replaced as minister of Salem village by
Thomas Green, who devoted his career to putting his torn
congregation back together. Governor Phips blamed the
entire affair on William Stoughton. Stoughton, clearly
more to blame than anyone for the tragic episode, refused
to apologize or explain himself. He criticized Phips for
interfering just when he was about to "clear the land" of
witches. Stoughton became the next governor of
Massachusetts.
 在一切之后，法官之一塞缪尔 · 塞沃尔公开认
罪并道歉。几名陪审员站出来表示，他们的判
决“令人遗憾地被欺骗和错误”。塞缪尔 · 帕
里斯牧师承认判断错误，但大多将责任推给了
其他人。帕里斯被托马斯 · 格林取代为塞勒姆
村的部长，他将自己的职业生涯奉献给了让他
支离破碎的会众重新团结起来。 Phipps 州长将
整个事件归咎于 William Stoughton 。斯托顿显
然比任何人都更应该为这一悲剧事件负责，他
拒绝道歉或解释自己。他批评 Phipps 在他即
将“清除”女巫之地时进行干预。斯托顿成为
下一任马萨诸塞州州长。
 The Aftermath
 The few remaining –
 Many left in jail because they could not afford to pay fine to

be released
 Crops, fields, livestock, homes, meeting houses all fell, due

to abandonment
 Many felt that God was punishing them for executing

innocent people
 The accused sat down with accuser

 Many were excommunicated, many returned to the church

 余波
 剩下的几个——
 许多人因为付不起释放的罚款而入狱
 由于被遗弃，农作物、田地、牲畜、房屋和
会议室全部倒塌
 许多人觉得上帝在惩罚他们处决无辜的人
 被告与原告坐在一起
 许多人被逐出教会，许多人重返教会
 Witchcraft through the
world
 In north America, According to traditional Navajo belief, when
a witch travels at night, he wears the skin of a dead animal in
order to effect a transformation into that animal. These
“skinwalkers” hold nighttime meetings at which they wear
nothing except a mask, sit among baskets of corpses, and have
intercourse with dead women.
 在北美，根据传统的纳瓦霍人信仰，当女巫在夜间
旅行时，他会穿上死去动物的皮肤，以使其变成那
种动物。这些“光头党”在夜间举行会议，除了戴
口罩，什么都不戴，坐在一篮子尸体中间，与死去
的女人性交。
 世界各地的巫术
 In some African cultures witches are believed to assemble in
cannibal covens, often at graveyards or around a fire, to feast on
the blood that they, like vampires, extract from their victims. If
they take the soul from a victim’s body and keep it in their
possession, the victim will die.
 在一些非洲文化中，女巫被认为会聚集在食人区，
通常是在墓地或火堆周围，以享用他们像吸血鬼一
样从受害者身上提取的血液。如果他们从受害者身
上夺走灵魂并将其据为己有，受害者就会死亡。
 In European tradition, their malevolent power is believed to
derive from a special relationship with an evil spirit with whom
they have a “pact,” or they exercise it through “animal
familiars” (assistants or agents) such as dogs, cats, hyenas,
owls, or baboons. In other cases the witch’s power is thought to
be based in his or her own body, and no external source is
deemed necessary.
 在欧洲传统中，他们的邪恶力量被认为源于与他们有“契
约”的恶灵的特殊关系，或者他们通过“动物家族”（助
手或代理人）行使契约，如狗、猫、鬣狗、猫头鹰或狒
狒。在其他情况下，女巫的力量被认为是基于他或她自己
的身体，没有任何外部来源被认为是必要的。
 In many parts of Asia, epidemics and natural disasters have
been interpreted as acts of witchcraft. For some unhappy
candidates in many less developed countries, the same bad
influence is cited to explain (at least in part) failure in
examinations, elections, or difficulties in finding employment.
 在亚洲许多地区，流行病和自然灾害被解释为巫术
行为。对于许多欠发达国家的一些不开心的候选人
来说，同样的不良影响被用来解释（至少部分）考
试、选举失败或就业困难。
 In south America and Caribbean, witchcraft was
evident in Haitian Vodou, where are man-made evil
magic powers, connected with zombis (beings
identified as familiars of witches in the beliefs of some
African cultures).
 在南美洲和加勒比地区，巫术在海地伏都教中很明
显，那里有人造的邪恶魔法，与僵尸（在一些非洲
文化的信仰中被认定为巫师的家族）有关。
 Witch hunt
 The hunts were most severe from 1580 to 1630, and
the last known execution for witchcraft was in
Switzerland in 1782. The number of trials and
executions varied widely according to time and place,
but in fact no more than about 110,000 persons in all
were tried for witchcraft, and no more than 40,000 to
60,000 executed. Although these figures are alarming,
they do not remotely approach the feverishly
exaggerated claims of some 20th-century writers.
 是政治迫害
 1580 年至 1630 年的狩猎活动最为激烈，上
一次已知的巫术处决发生在 1782 年的瑞
士。审判和处决的次数因时间和地点而异，
但事实上，总共不超过 11 万人因巫术而受
审，处决的人数不超过 4 万至 6 万人。尽管
这些数字令人担忧，但它们丝毫没有接近一
些 20 世纪作家狂热夸大的说法。
 Ways to discover a witch
发现女巫的方法
 1. Bound Submersion
 In this "test," the supposed witch would be bound by her hands
and feet with heavy rocks attached to her body, then thrown into
a body of water. A witch's body would presumably float, and an
innocent woman would sink to the bottom. It was pretty much a
lose-lose situation.
 1. 束缚潜水
 在这个“测试”中，被认为是女巫的人会被手脚绑住，
身上绑着沉重的石头，然后被扔进水中。女巫的身体大
概会漂浮起来，而一个无辜的女人则会沉入海底。这几
乎是一个两败俱伤的局面。
 Ways to discover a witch
发现女巫的方法
2. The Lord's Prayer Test
If the accused could not recite the Lord's Prayer
without any errors, she was most certainly a witch.

2. 主祷文测试
如果被告不能毫无错误地背诵主祷文，那么她
肯定是个女巫。
 Ways to discover a witch
发现女巫的方法
3. The Witch's Teat Test
In this test, the accused would be pricked in any
type of mole or any imperfaction they may happen
to have on their body. If it didn't bleed, she was
definitely a witch.
3. 女巫的眼泪测试
在这项测试中，被告身上可能会有任何类型的痣
或任何不成熟的东西。如果没有流血，她绝对是
个女巫。
 Ways to discover a witch
发现女巫的方法
4. Pressing
This was another way to torture the accused into
admitting she was a witch. The problem was that the
victim couldn't really speak under the weight of the
heavy stones, so that didn't work out too well.
4. 按压
这是折磨被告承认自己是女巫的另一种方式。问
题是，受害者在沉重的石头的重量下无法真正说
话，所以结果不太好。
 Ways to discover a witch
发现女巫的方法
5. Weighing Them Against a Stack of Bibles
If the suspected witch was heavier or lighter than the
stack, she was presumed to be a witch. If she
balanced the Bibles perfectly, she wasn't.
5. 把它们放在一堆圣经上称重
如果被怀疑的女巫比烟囱重或轻，那么她被认为
是女巫。如果她完美地平衡了圣经，她就不是。
 Ways to discover a witch
发现女巫的方法
6. Owning a Lot of Pets
Animals and witches were, apparently, two peas in a
pod. If a fly landed in the accused cell while she
awaited trial, it would often be assumed that it was
because of her witchcraft.
6. 养了很多宠物
动物和女巫显然是一个豆荚里的两颗豌豆。如果
一只苍蝇在被告等待审判时降落在牢房里，人们
通常会认为这是因为她的巫术。
 Ways to discover a witch
发现女巫的方法
7. When All Else Fails, Burn 7. 当其他一切都失败时，把它
Them at the Stake 们烧在木桩上
The most famous "lose-lose" 最著名的“两败俱伤”的情
situation. 况。
谁知道为什么我们
被教导要害怕女
巫，而不是那些活
活烧死他们的人