ARC134

Building Materials –Timber

 Timber
Any wood which is used in engineering construction is termed as timber
 Advantages of Timber
1. Timber can be easily worked out with
tools of any size and take good polish
2. Used as both load bearing and non-
load bearing member
3. Economic construction and minimum
waste
4. Suitable for attractive artistic design
5. Low thermal conductivity, high
electrical resistance and good sound
proofing property
6. Durable if properly treated and
seasoned
7. It has re-sale value
8. Plywood ,veneer , laminated boards
are used for their lightness and
beauty
Timber trees
All trees are primarily divided into two major types according to their manner
of growth
1. Exogens
2. Endogens

1. Exogens

• Increase in diameter by the annual

formation of a layer of a new wood
between the old wood and the
bark .
Timber trees

2. Endogens

• Grow both diametrically and

longitudinally
• Longitudinal growth happens by the
addition of new wood fiber
intermingling with the old.
Exogenous growth of wood

• Pith
• Concentric rings
• Bark
Sawing of Timber

ORDINARY SAWING OR FLAT SAWING

•Parallel cuts made throughout the length of the log
•Cutting parallel slices of planks
•Easiest and economical method
•Shrinkage of sapwood more than the heartwood
•Causing warp and twisting of planks
Sawing of Timber

TANGENTIAL SAWING

• Boards or planks sawn tangentially to annual rings

• Not suitable for flooring
• Planks cut by this method warp too much
Sawing of Timber

QUARTER SAWING

•First logs are sawn in quadrants of circle

•This method is applied to wood when, not having distinct medullar rays
•It produces very fine wood

TYPES OF QUARTER SAWING

1. Simple sawing
2. Rift sawing
Sawing of Timber

RIFT OR RADIAL SAWING

• Timber cut parallel to medullar rays and perpendicular to annual rings

• Known as edge grain lumber
Sawing of Timber

COMBINATION SAWING

•The central portion is sawn at right angles by the ordinary sawing method
•Outer quadrant are sawn by the method of radial or rift
Defects in Timber

Natural Defects
• Knots
• Twisted fiber
• Shakes

Artificial defects
• Warping
• Splitting and cracking
• Fungal action
• Insects
Seasoning of Timber

Main purpose of seasoning is to dry sap and reduce moisture content of timber

Objectives
• To bring timber to a equilibrium moisture content
• To reduce weight to facilitate transport and handling
• To make timber durable and resistant to decay
• To make timber strong , hard and stiff
• To make timber more suitable for polishing and painting
Character of good Timber

1. It should be strong, stiff , tough and durable

2. It should be free from both natural artificial defects
3. It should be radially sawn
4. Annual growth ring should be regular, uniform and closely spaced
5. Color should be uniform and lustrous
6. When stuck with a hammer , timber should give a clear sound.
7. It should have a good workability
8. It should be fire resistant
Wood Plastic Composite

Wood Plastic Composites (WPC) combine polymer with wood fibers creating a
material with the inherent properties of timber whilst having a number of additional
benefits . Wood Plastic Composite is not as susceptible as timber to changing
moisture levels in the environment, eliminating the possibility of the material
splinting and splitting. The lack of moisture held in the WPC also contributes to the
product being less likely to suffer from rotting.

Knots and imperfections in timber form a weak spot when it comes to working the
product and ongoing aesthetics. This is not an issue with Wood Plastic Composites
as our manufacturing process is strictly controlled.
Plywood

Plywood is a material manufactured from thin layers or "plies" of wood veneer that are
glued together with adjacent layers having their wood grain rotated up to 90 degrees to one
another. It is an engineered wood from the family of manufactured boards which includes
medium-density fiber board (MDF) and particle board (chipboard).
In wood working, veneer refers to thin slices of wood and sometimes bark, usually thinner
than 3 mm (1/8 inch), that typically are glued onto core panels (typically, wood , particle
board or medium density fiber board) to produce flat panels such as doors, tops and panels
for cabinets , parquet floors and parts of furniture . They are also used in marquetry .

Plywood consists of three or more layers of veneer. Normally, each is glued with its grain at
right angles to adjacent layers for strength. Veneer beading is a thin layer of decorative
edging placed around objects, such as jewelry boxes. Veneer is also used to replace
decorative papers in Wood Veneer HPL.