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Particles
OCR Gateway 2016 Chemistry topic 1

W Richards

The Weald School

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C1.1 The Particle Model
 Particle theory revision
Particle theory is all about explaining the properties of solids,
liquids and gases by looking at what the particles do.

SOLIDS
In a solid the particles ______
around a _____ position. There
is a ______ force of attraction
between each particle and they
are very _____ together

Words – strong, close, vibrate, fixed

 LIQUIDS
In a liquid the particles are
_____ together but can move in
any direction. They won’t keep a
_____ shape like _____ do.

GASES
In a gas the particles are very
far apart and move _____ in all
directions. They often ______
with each other and because
they are far apart they can be
(zoomed out) easily _______.

Words – fixed, collide, quickly, close, squashed, solids

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Particle theory questions
Using particle theory explain how the following work:

1) A 2l drinks bottle filled with air can be squashed

2) A 2l drinks bottle filled with water is difficult to squash

3) Liquids and gases can be poured whereas solids can’t

Each question is worth 3 marks!!!

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Changes of State
Q. What are Note that these
these changes of changes are
state called? “physical changes”,
not “chemical
changes”. What
would happen if
these were
1 4 2
chemical changes?
3

5
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Limitations of this model (higher)
The particle model does have a few limitations…

1) The particles 2) All spheres

can be are assumed
represented as to be solid
spheres and inelastic

3) There are no forces

between the spheres

Q. How does this explain

a change of state?
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C1.2 Atomic Structure
 The Development of Atomic
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Structure Theory
Task: Find out how the following people have contributed to our
understanding of atomic theory, including what they discovered and how
their ideas were proved:

John Dalton
Ernest James
Rutherford Chadwick

JJ Thomson Neils Bohr

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Structure Theory
I proposed that all matter is made up of
John atoms – the smallest thing possible.
Dalton

I discovered electrons and therefore proved

that atoms can be made of smaller things
JJ
I showed that the atom was made of a small Thomson
central nucleus with electrons orbiting it.
Ernest
Rutherford
I showed that these electrons orbit at
specific distances from the atom.

I showed that there are neutrons in the

nucleus as well as protons. Neils
James Bohr
Chadwick
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The structure of the atom
The nucleus is around 10,000
ELECTRON –
times smaller then the atom!
negative, mass
The diameter of the nucleus
nearly nothing
is around 10-14m.

The nucleus – this

contains most of
PROTON –
the mass in an atom
positive, same
mass as
neutron (“1”)

NEUTRON –
neutral, same Atoms always have the same
mass as proton number of protons and electrons so
(“1”) they are neutral overall. The atom
is around 0.1nm big (i.e. 10-10m).
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Spacing between atoms
Here’s a close up of sodium chloride:

Note that each atom

is around 10-10m wide. Cl- Na+ Cl- Na+ Cl- Na+
Therefore the atoms
must each be around Na+ Cl- Na+ Cl- Na+ Cl-
10-10m apart.
Cl- Na+ Cl- Na+ Cl- Na+

Na+ Cl- Na+ Cl- Na+ Cl-

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The structure of the atom
Particle Relative Mass Relative Charge
Proton 1 +1
Neutron 1 0
Electron 1/2000 (i.e. 0) -1

MASS NUMBER = number of

protons + number of neutrons

SYMBOL

ATOMIC NUMBER = number of

protons. All atoms of a particular
element must have the same
number of protons.
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Mass and atomic number
How many protons, neutrons and electrons?
 Isotopes
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An isotope is an atom with a different number of neutrons:

Notice that the mass number is different. How many
neutrons does each isotope have?

Each isotope has 8 protons – if it didn’t then it just

wouldn’t be oxygen any more.