Colegio de Montalban

Institute of Education

Rodriguez, Rizal

NAME: PALERO, RL RIVA DATE: MARCH 03, 2023

YEAR & SECTION: BSED SCI 3A INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. ROOSEVELT

LUAT

ASSIGNMENT NO. 1 - PRELIM PERIOD

Research the following:

1. What is an Atom?

Atom is the smallest unit into which matter can be

divided without the release of electrically charged particles. It
also is the smallest unit of matter that has
the characteristic properties of a chemical element. As such, the
atom is the basic building block of chemistry. Space makes up
the majority of an atom. The rest is made up of a cloud of
negatively charged electrons surrounding a positively charged
nucleus made up of protons and neutrons. Compared to
electrons, which are the lightest charged particles in nature, the
nucleus is small and dense. Electric forces, which link electrons
to the nucleus of atoms, cause them to be drawn to any positive
charge.

2. What is Nucleus?

Nucleus is a specialized structure occurring in

most cells (except bacteria and blue-green algae) and separated
from the rest of the cell by a double layer, the nuclear membrane.
This membrane seems to be continuous with the endoplasmic
reticulum (a membranous network) of the cell and has pores,
which probably permit the entrance of large molecules. The
nucleus controls and regulates the activities of the cell (e.g.,
growth and metabolism) and carries the genes, structures that
contain the hereditary information. 
3. What is Proton?
Protons are stable subatomic particle that has a
positive charge equal in magnitude to a unit
of  electron charge and a rest mass of 1.67262 × 10−27 kg,
which is 1,836 times the mass of an electron. Protons,
together with electrically neutral particles
called neutrons, make up all atomic nuclei except for
the hydrogen nucleus (which consists of a single
proton). Every nucleus of a given chemical
element has the same number of protons. This number
defines the atomic number of an element and
determines the position of the element in the periodic
table.

4. What is Electron?

Electrons are lightest stable subatomic

particle known. It carries a negative charge of
1.602176634 × 10−19 coulomb, which is considered
the basic unit of electric charge. The rest mass of
the electron is 9.1093837015 × 10−31 kg, which is
only 1/1,836the mass of a proton. An electron is
therefore considered nearly massless in comparison
with a proton or a neutron, and the electron mass is
not included in calculating the mass number of
an atom.

5. What is Neutron?

Neutrons are neutral subatomic particle that is

a constituent of every atomic nucleus except
ordinary hydrogen. It has no electric charge and a
rest mass equal to 1.67492749804 × 10−27 kg—
marginally greater than that of the proton but 1,838.68
times greater than that of the electron. Neutrons and
protons, commonly called nucleons, are bound together
in the dense inner core of an atom, the nucleus, where they account for 99.9 percent of the
atom’s mass. Developments in high-energy particle physics in the 20th century revealed that
neither the neutron nor the proton is a true elementary particle.

6. Who is Democritus?

460 BCE— 370 BCE

Democritus was a central figure in the

development of the atomic theory of the
universe. He theorized that all material bodies are
made up of indivisibly small
“atoms.” Aristotle famously rejected atomism
in On Generation and Corruption. Aristotle refused
to believe that the whole of reality is reducible to a
system of atoms, as Democritus said. As it turned out, though,
Democritus was right.

7. Who is John Dalton?

September 1766 — July 1844

He based his theory of partial pressures on the idea that

only like atoms in a mixture of gases repel one another,
whereas unlike atoms appear to react indifferently
toward each other. This conceptualization explained
why each gas in a mixture behaved independently.
Although this view was later shown to be erroneous, it
served a useful purpose in allowing him to abolish the
idea, held by many previous atomists that atoms of all
kinds of matter are alike. 

8. Who is J.J. Thompson?

December 1856 — August 1940

He had discovered (1897) the electron, a

negatively charged part of every atom. Though
several alternative models were advanced in the 1900s by Kelvin and
others, Thomson held that atoms are uniform spheres of positively
charged matter in which electrons are embedded. Popularly known as the plum pudding model, it
had to be abandoned (1911) on both theoretical and experimental grounds in favor of
the Rutherford atomic model.

9. Who is Rutherford?

December 1856 — August 1940

English physicist who helped revolutionize the

knowledge of atomic structure by his
discovery of the electron (1897). He received
the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1906 and was
knighted in 1908. They are now
called electrons, although he originally called
them corpuscles. His discovery was the result
of an attempt to solve a long-standing
controversy regarding the nature of cathode rays, which occur when
an electric current is driven through a vessel from which most of the air
or other gas has been pumped out. 

10. Who is Niels David Bohr?

October 1885 — November 1962

Danish physicist who was the

first to apply the quantum concept,
which restricts the energy of a system to
certain discrete values, to the problem
of atomic and molecular structure. His
manifold roles in the origins and
development of quantum physics may be
his most-important contribution.

11. What is Chadwick Discovery?

Chadwick's discovery forced a revision of the

cloud model, and scientists sometimes refer to
the revised version as the James Chadwick
atomic model. The discovery earned Chadwick the 1935 Nobel Prize in physics, and it made
possible the development of the atomic bomb. Chadwick participated in the super-secret
Manhattan project, which culminated in the deployment of nuclear bombs on Hiroshima and
Nagasaki. The bomb contributed to the surrender of Japan (many historians believe Japan
would have surrendered anyway) and the end of World War II.

12. What is Avogadro’s Law?

Avogadro’s law, also known as Avogadro’s principle or
Avogadro’s hypothesis, is a gas law which states that the
total number of atoms/molecules of a gas (i.e. the amount
of gaseous substance) is directly proportional to the
volume occupied by the gas at constant temperature and
pressure. Avogadro’s law is closely related to the ideal gas
equation since it links temperature, pressure, volume, and
amount of substance for a given gas.

REFERENCE:

Encyclopædia Britannica. (2023) Accessed on March 03, 2023. Retrieved from

https://www.britannica.com/