Matrix Multiplication
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
1. Multiply and matrices
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Matrix Multiplication
• You can multiply two matrices, A and B, together and write
or
• only if the number of columns of number of rows of B; that is, A has
dimension m × n , B has dimension n × k . The resulting matrix, C,
has dimensions m × k .
• To find C, we multiply corresponding elements of each row of A by
elements of each column of B and add. The following examples show
you how the calculation is done.
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Example 1
If and find
• First check the dimension: A is 2 × 2 and B is 2 × 1, so C = AB is
defined.
(The number of columns of A = the number of rows of B) and C is a
2 × 1 matrix:
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Solution
Resulting matrix
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Example 2
If and calculate AB and BA.
A is 2 × 2 and B is 2 × 2, so AB is defined.
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Solution
2 ×2 ×2 ×2
2 ×2
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Solution cont’d
Note
• AB ≠ BA and this shows that matrix multiplication is not commutative
(that is, the calculation cannot be reversed with the same result).
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Example 3
Given that , and
determine whether or not the following multiplications are defined, and,
if they are, find the resulting matrix.
(a) AB (b) BC (c) AC (d) CA (e) BCA
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Solutions
(a) AB is not defined, as A is 1 × 3 and B is 1 × 2, and 3 ≠ 1.
(b) BC is defined. As B is 1 × 2 and C is 2 × 1, BC is 1 × 1. That is
(c) AC is not defined, as A is 1 × 3 and C is 2 × 1.
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Solutions cont’d
(d) CA is defined; C is 2 × 1 and A is 1 × 3 so CA is 2 × 3. That is
(e) We already know that BC is a 1 × 1 matrix and A is 1 × 3, so BCA is
defined and is 1 × 3. That is
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Example 4 1ST MATRIX - COLUMNS 2ND MATRIX - ROWS
Let and
Calculate
(a) A + B
(b) AB
(c) BA
(d) ( means )
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Solutions
(a)
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Solutions cont’d
(c)
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Solutions cont’d
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Exercise 1
Given the dimensions of the following matrices,
Matrix
Dimension
give the dimensions of these matrix products:
(a) BA (b) DE (c) CD
(d) ED (e) AE (f) DA
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Exercise 2
1. Find these products:
(a) (b)
2. The matrix and the matrix
Find (a) (b)
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Exercise 3
1. The matrices A, B and C are given by
, and
• Determine whether or not the following products are possible and
find the products of those that are.
(a) (b) (C)
(d) (e) (f)
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Exercise 4
1. Find in terms of a,
2. Find in terms of ,
3. The matrix , find
(a) (b)
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