Digital Imaging Introduction

Introduction to
Digital Image
* What is a digital image?
* 2D array of #’s representing some image attribute

such as
* optical density
* x-ray attenuation
* Radiography
* Fluoroscopy 125 25 311 111 182 222 176
* CTDI
199 192 85 69 133 149 112
* echo intensity
* Magnetization 77 103 118 139 154 125 120
* T1
* T2 145 301 256 223 287 256 225
* Proton Density
178 322 325 299 353 333 300
* Number Array Forms Digital Image
194
73
22
* Digital Image Formation
The finer the mesh, the better the digital rendering
*What is this?
12 X 9 Matrix
* Same object, smaller squares
24 X 18 Matrix
48 X 36 Matrix
96 X 72 Matrix
192 X 144 Matrix

* Display of Digital Image
Each number
of a digital
image (pixel
value) assigned
a gray shade
Assignments can
be changed
Window/level
Pixel values cannot
One of the major
advantages in having
medical images in digital
form is the ability to
perform a variety of
processing procedures with a
computer.
These procedures can be
selected and adjusted to
change the characteristics of
the images, usually for the
purpose of improving quality
or optimizing characteristics
for maximum visibility.
Processing of digital images
can be used to change most
image characteristics.
Three possibilities include
processing methods to:
Reduce image noise
Increase visibility of detail
Adjust and optimize the

image contrast
characteristics.
There are several digital
processing methods that
can be used to adjust the
contrast characteristics
of an image. The two
methods that we will
consider here are:
Look Up Table (LUT)

processing
Windowing
Here we are using a
very simple image to
show how digital
processing can be
used to change the
image contrast.
Let's recall that a
LUT indicates what
number is to be
substituted for each
pixel value during
the processing of the
image
If LUT processing is to
change the contrast
characteristics of an image it
must substitute numbers that
are different from the
original pixel values.
Here we see that
relationship shown as a
curve. Note that the values
and positions on the scale for
the three pixel values
represented by the colors
( yellow, green, and red) are
now different in the
processed image.
One of the advantages of
digital processing is that
the processing parameters
(factors) can be selected
to produce images with
different contrast
characteristics.
Here we see curves
representing three
different LUTs.
In the typical digital
radiographic system, a
variety of LUTs are
installed.
The appropriate LUT is
then automatically
selected to give the
desired contrast
characteristics to match
the type of procedure
(chest, extremity, etc)
that is designated by the
operator.
Here we see LUT
processing that is more
appropriate for chest
radiography.
Compared to the high
contrast processing that
we have just seen, this
produces an image with
good object and
anatomical structure
contrast and visibility
throughout most of the
image.
Many radiologist find
value in having an
inverted (black bone)
image in addition to
the conventional
(white bone) image at
the time of viewing.
The inversion can be
achieved by
processing with a LUT
as illustrated here.
The ability to window is a
valuable feature of all
digital images.
Windowing is the process
of selecting some segment
of the total pixel value
range (the wide dynamic
range of the receptors)
and then displaying the
pixel values within that
segment over the full
brightness (shades of gray)
range from white to black
One of the advantages
of windowing is that it
makes it possible to
display and enhance the
contrast in selected
segments of the total
pixel value range.
With windowing we can
create many displayed
images, each one
"focusing on" a specific
range of pixel values.
The Blurred Mask
Subtraction is often
used, especially in
digital radiography,
to enhance the
visibility of detail in
certain clinical
procedures.
Each number
of a digital
image (pixel
value) assigned
a gray shade
Assignments can
be changed
Window/level
Each number
of a digital
image (pixel
value) assigned
a gray shade
Assignments can
be changed
Window/level
Each number
of a digital
image (pixel
value) assigned
a gray shade
Assignments can
be changed
Window/level
Each number
of a digital
image (pixel
value) assigned
a gray shade
Assignments can
be changed
Window/level
Each number
of a digital
image (pixel
value) assigned
a gray shade
Assignments can
be changed
Window/level
Each number
of a digital
image (pixel
value) assigned
a gray shade
Assignments can
be changed
Window/level
Each number
of a digital
image (pixel
value) assigned
a gray shade
Assignments can
be changed
Window/level
Each number
of a digital
image (pixel
value) assigned
a gray shade
Assignments can
be changed
Window/level
Each number
of a digital
image (pixel
value) assigned
a gray shade
Assignments can
be changed
Window/level
Each number
of a digital
image (pixel
value) assigned
a gray shade
Assignments can
be changed
Window/level
Each number
of a digital
image (pixel
value) assigned
a gray shade
Assignments can
be changed
Window/level

Digital Imaging Introduction

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Digital Imaging Introduction

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Introduction to

* 2D array of #’s representing some image attribute

192 X 144 Matrix

Reduce image noise

Increase visibility of detail

Adjust and optimize the

Look Up Table (LUT)

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