Engineering Analysis

ISE304 – Lecture 1

Taylor Polynomials
Taylor Series
The series in Equation 6 is called the Taylor series of
the function f at a (or about a or centered at a).

If a = 0, then the series is called the Maclaurin series

for f (see Equation 7) .
 Example 1
Find the Maclaurin series for f ( x)  cos x

f  x   cos x f 0   1 f   x   sin x f   0   0

4
f   x    sin x f  0   0 f  x   cos x f
4
0   1

f   x    cos x f   0   1
1 2 0 3 1 4
cos  x   1  0 x  x  x  x  
2! 3! 4!

x 2 x 4 x 6 x8 x10
cos x  1      
2! 4! 6! 8! 10!
 Example 2
Find the Maclaurin series for f ( x)  cos  2 x 

Rather than start from scratch, we can use the function

that we already know:
x 2 x 4 x 6 x 8 x10
cos  x   1      
2! 4! 6! 8! 10!

2x  2x  2 x  2x  2x 

2 4 6 8 10

cos  2 x   1      
2! 4! 6! 8! 10!
 Example 3

Find the Taylor series for y  cos  x  at x 
2
   
f  x   cos x f  2   0 f  x   sin x f    1
 
  2
 
f   x    sin x f     1
2 4 4  

f  x   cos x f  0
2
f   x    cos x f      0
2
2 3
  0  1 
P  x   0  1 x     x     x    
 2  2!  2  3!  2
3 5
   
 x    x 
   2  2
P x   x      
 2 3! 5!
 Example 4
Find the Maclaurin series for f ( x)  sin x
f n  x  f n 0 
0 2 1 3 0 4
sin  x   0  1x  x  x  x  
sin  x  0 2! 3! 4!

cos  x  1 x3 x5 x 7
sin  x   x    
3! 5! 7!
 sin  x  0

 cos  x  1

sin  x  0
 Example 5
1
Find the Maclaurin series for f ( x)  1  x

f n  x  f n   0  f   0  2 f   0  3
P  x   f 0   f  0  x  x  x  
2! 3!
1  x 
1
1
1 2 2 3! 3 4! 4
 1  1x  x  x  x  
1 x 2! 3! 4!
1  x 
2
1

2 1  x 
3
2 1
 1  x  x 2  x 3  x 4  
1 x
6 1  x 
4
6  3!

24 1  x 
5 This is a geometric series with
24  4!
a = 1 and r = x.
 Example 6
Find the Maclaurin series for f ( x)  ln 1  x 

f n  x  f n 0  f   0  2 f   0  3

P  x   f 0   f  0 x  x  x  
2! 3!
ln 1  x  0
1 2 2 3 3! 4
ln 1  x   0  1x  x  x  x  
2! 3! 4!
1  x 
1
1

 1  x 
2
1 x 2 x3 x 4
ln 1  x   x     
2 3 4
2 1  x 
3
2

6 1  x 
4
6  3!
 Example 7
x
Find the Maclaurin series for f ( x)  e
f n  x  f
n
0  f   0  2 f   0  3
P  x   f 0   f  0  x  x  x  
2! 3!
ex 1
x 1 2 1 3 1 4
e  1  1x  x  x  x  
2! 3! 4!
ex 1

ex 1 x x 2 x3 x 4
e  1  x     
2! 3! 4!
ex 1

ex 1
 Taylor and Maclaurin Series
• For instance, for the exponential function f
(x) = ex, the result of Example 1 shows that
the Taylor polynomials at 0 (or Maclaurin
polynomials) with n = 1, 2, and 3 are:
 Euler’s Formula
An amazing use for infinite series:
2 3 4
x x x
e x  1  x      Substitute xi for x.
2! 3! 4!

xi  xi 2  xi 3  xi 4  xi 5  xi 6
e  1  xi       
2! 3! 4! 5! 6!

xi x 2i 2 x 3i 3 x 4i 4 x 5i 5 x 6i 6
e  1  xi       
2! 3! 4! 5! 6!

x 2 x 3i x 4 x 5i x 6
xi
e  1  xi        Factor out the i terms.
2! 3! 4! 5! 6!

xi x 2 x 4 x6  x3 x5 
e  1       i  x     
2! 4! 6!  3! 5! 
 2 4 6
xi x x x  x3 x5 
e  1       i  x     
2! 4! 6!  3! 5! 

This is the series This is the series

for cosine. for sine.

e xi  cos  x   i sin  x  Let x 

ei  cos    i sin  

ei  1  i  0

This amazing identity contains

i the five most famous numbers
e 1  0 in mathematics, and shows
that they are interrelated.