Writing A Research Paper

Manuel S.
Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City College of Engineering

An Autonomous University
WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER

ENGR. LORELLA JOY P. MARINO
INSTRUCTOR
LECTURE
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING INSTRUCTORS
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City College of Engineering
WHY DO YOU NEED TO LEARN HOW

TO WRITE A RESEARCH PAPER?
LEARNING TARGETS:
• In college, you will be
asked to write many 1. How to choose a topic?
research papers, and you 2. How to write a thesis or introductory
need to learn what goes statement?
into writing a successful
3. Understand the difference bet. Plagiarism
paper.
and acceptable plagiarism
4. Learn how to use “parenthetical notations.”
5. Bibliography & proper format.
Research
• From an olf French word, “sercher” – to seek or search prefix “re” –again
• It is defined as “intensive search with the purpose of becoming certain”.
• It is a systematic investigation into reality to gain knowledge.

Structure of a research paper

• Abstract
• Introduction/thesis statement
• Main parts of a
composition: • Literature review
• Introduction • Methodology
• Body
• Results
• Conclusion
• Discussion
• Conclusion
• References
• Appendices
MSEUF PROJECT STUDY FORMAT

Structure of the Research Paper

Section Purpose of the Section
Abstract To briefly introduce the reader to the aims of the study, the methodology, results,
and findings.
Introduction and/or thesis To state clear overall purpose for the study, often framed in discussion of the NEED
statement that the research is satisfying
To define the research question(s) of the study.
To give a very brief background of relevant theory and practice for your topic
Literature Review To summarize what conclusions have been reached in the research literature and
whether different writers agree or not.
To highlight main issue and controversies around the problem.

Methodology To demonstrate that you are aware of the research methods used to study this
topic.
To explain and justify the method of data collection and analysis.
Results To present the findings of your research in an orderly manner, using heading
planned in your methodology or headings arising from patterns found in the
research.
Discussion To comment on the trends/findings and show your understanding of what your
data suggests.
To highlight anything unexpected that came up.

Conclusion To sum up your findings and highlight the significance of the outcomes of your
study.
To discuss the limitations of your study and indicate where further research is
needed.
References To list alphabetically all the reference materials that have been cited in the text of
the report.
Appendices To present relevant details such as letters to participants and organizations.

To present details of questionnaires, surveys and other relevant instrument that you
developed for the purpose of the study.
To present relevant documents, e. g. Reports/policy/historical documents.
How to write?
Abstract
• It is the summary of a body of information; it expresses the main claim and argument
of a paper.
Questions that an abstract answers:

• Why did you do this to your study?
• What did you do and how?
• What did you find?
• What do your findings mean?
Introduction
• The primary purpose of an introduction is to frame the paper for its readers. It should
provide:
• Brief description of the topic
• Statement as to why the topic is worth researching or why it could be found interesting
• Statement of the research objectives.
• Statement of the method(s) and the scope of the study.
• An overview of the rest of the paper.
Literature review
• Four guide questions:
• What is the present state of knowledge regarding the topic under
consideration?
• How are the studies related to the one being proposed?
• What is the quality of the studies reviewed?
• How will the proposed study contribute to the existing literature?
Methodology
• To demonstrate that you are aware of the research methods used to
study this topic.
• To justify the research method and approach you have taken or your
study.
• To explain and justify the method of data collection and analysis.
Conclusion
• The “results” and “discussion” should be the focus of this part
• To sum up your findings and highlight the significance of the outcomes of your
study.
• To outline any implications or recommendations indicated by the findings.
Conclusion
• Results – to present the findings of your research in an orderly manner,
using heading planned in your methodology or headings arising from
patterns found in the research.
• Discussion – show your understanding of what your data suggests.

References
• To list alphabetically all the reference materials that have been cited in
the text of the report.
Referencing your paper

• References need to contain all works cited in the text.
• References should consistently follow one recognizable system.
Note: we use “IEEE format”

Appendices
• To present relevant details such as letters to participants and
organizations.
• To present details of questionnaires, surveys and other relevant
instrument that you developed for the purpose of the study.
• To present relevant documents, e.g. Reports/ policy/ historical
documents.
WHERE & HOW DO WE BEGIN?

CHOOSE A SUBJECT
• That interests you but from which you can still learn much
• Not too broad
• Not too difficult, one for which you can find materials from popular magazines or
books aimed at general reading.
• That has some interest for the average reader.
Gathering of materials
• Observation or experience
• Interview
• The library
• Special bulletins and reports
Make a preliminary outline:

• Observation or experience • Have some ideas of topics in which
you will be needing information.
• Interview
• Begin your reading with your
• The library general articles which give an
• Special bulletins and reports overall survey.
• Try to anticipate the important
questions your paper will have to
answer.
• Jot down what seems to be the
major divisions of the subject.
Note taking
• Suggestions for note taking:
• Use unrolled index, preferably 4x6 inches in size.
• Cover only one subject on each card.
• Write the subject on the left hand corner.
• Name the exact source.
• Use the direct quotations if you want to include your paper the author’s
exact wording.
• Make most of your notes brief statement in your own words.
Parenthetical quotations
• QUOTING means to repeat another
source word for word, using
quotation marks. “…”
Parenthetical quotations
• Keep quotes short
• Give only information needed to identify the source
on your Works Cited Page
• You don’t need to cite information that is “common
knowledge”
When to quote an author?

• To show that an authority supports In research papers, you
your point; should quote from a
• To present a position or argument; source:
• To include especially moving or
historically significant language; and
“How do I QUOTE an
• To present a particularly well-stated
author?”
passage whose meaning would be
lost or changed if paraphrased or
summarized.
Documenting a source
PLAGIARISM
BE
1. Passing someone else’s work as
your own, whether we do this
deliberately or not.
ORIGINAL
2. Not acknowledging when using AND
information (i.e. data, tables
figures or graphics) from other DON’T
writers.
3. Inadequately paraphrasing a PLAGIARIZE
source.
PARAPHRASE!!!
Plagiarism:
The act of presenting another’s work or ideas as
your own.
Formatting your paper

• IEEE Format
The IEEE reference format is a commonly accepted style for writing, formatting, and citing research
papers. The format was created based on the Chicago Manual of Style and is widely used by students
and researchers in Computer Science and relevant technical fields. This comprehensive guide will
come in handy for every student or young professional involved in this field. Thus, if that’s your
major, we recommend reading this article instead of studying the entire edition of the latest IEEE
manual of style, to save lots of time and to grasp the idea of how to create an IEEE paper with ease.
IEEE format
• IEEE stand for the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. It is a
professional association of electric engineering and associated disciplines. It was
formed in 1963 on the basis of two American establishments – the Institute of Radio
Engineers and the American Institute of Electrical Engineers.
The IEEE style consists of 2 critical elements:

• In-text citations (direct & indirect)
• References (Works Cited in MLA format)
In-text citations
• In-text citations are short quotations taken from primary or secondary sources. In
IEEE in text citation, they are numbered in square brackets. Every number next to
their corresponding citation identifies the complete citation listed in the References
section in numerical order (commonly referred to as the Works Cited list or
bibliography page in other formats).
• https://libguides.murdoch.edu.au/ieee/text
• https://www.bath.ac.uk/publications/library-guides-to-citing-referencing/attachments/i
eee-style-guide.pdf
• In APA citation format they call it References
IEEE style
CITING IN THE TEXT

• Indicating the relevant reference in the text
• • A number enclosed in square brackets, eg.[1] or [26], placed in the text of the essay,
indicates the relevant reference.
• • Each reference number should be enclosed in square brackets on the same line as
the text, before any punctuation, with a space before the bracket.
• • Citations are numbered in the order in which they appear in the text and each
citation corresponds to a numbered reference containing publication information
about the source cited in the reference list at the end of the publication, essay or
assignment.
• • Once a source has been cited, the same number is used in all subsequent references.
• • No distinction is made between print and electronic references when citing within the
text.
CITING IN THE TEXT

• Here are some examples of this kind of referencing :
• "...end of the line for my research [13]."
"The theory was first put forward in 1987 [1]." "Scholtz [2] has argued that......."
"Several recent studies [3, 4, 15, 16] have suggested that..."
"For example, see [7]."
• • It is not necessary to mention either the author(s) or the the date of the reference unless it is relevant to your text.
• • It is not necessary to say " in reference [26] ..." "In [26] ..." is sufficient.
• Citing more than one reference at a time
• • When citing more than one source at a time, the preferred method is to list each reference number separately with a
comma or dash between each reference:
• Preferred
[1], [3], [5]
[1] - [5]
• • Although the following method is also acceptable:
• Acceptable
[1, 3, 5]
[1-5]
CITING IN THE TEXT

• Citing a reference multiple times
• • When citing a source for a second or subsequent time, do not use ibid or op. cit.
• • In the text, repeat the earlier reference number.
• • If referring to a different page number, or other reference, within the source, use the following forms:
• [3, pp. 5-10], [3, Ch. 2, pp. 6-21], [3, Fig. 1], [3, Sec. 4.5]
• Page numbers included
• • Include page, chapter, paragraph or section numbers in the citation if you need to be specific, such as
when material is directly quoted or when a specific part of the source is referred to, or when a detail
difficult to find.
• • Give page numbers within the square brackets:
• [1, p. 5]
• [2, Fig. 3]
• [3, Sec. 4.5]
SAMPLE RESEARCH TOPICS

• Integration of GIS and Remote Sensing in Land Surveying: Investigate the use of Geographic
Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing technologies to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of
land surveying processes.
• 3D Cadastre and Property Rights: Explore the implementation and challenges of 3D cadastre systems
for managing property rights in urban areas.
• Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in Land Surveying: Analyze the benefits and limitations of using UAVs
(drones) for land surveying applications, such as topographic mapping and land parcel identification.
• BIM (Building Information Modeling) and Land Surveying: Investigate the integration of BIM
technology with land surveying practices for construction and infrastructure projects.

• Cadastral Data Accuracy and Integrity: Assess the accuracy and integrity of cadastral data in land
administration systems, with a focus on data quality and maintenance.
• Land Surveying for Disaster Management: Examine the role of land surveying in disaster risk
reduction and management, including monitoring land subsidence, flood risk assessment, and
landslide prediction.
• Ethical and Legal Issues in Land Surveying: Investigate the ethical and legal challenges faced by
land surveyors, such as property boundary disputes and professional responsibilities.
• Land Surveying and Indigenous Land Rights: Explore how land surveying practices can support the
recognition and protection of indigenous land rights and territories.

• Historical Land Surveying Techniques: Study historical land surveying methods and tools used in
different time periods and regions, and their impact on land ownership and land use.
• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Land Surveying: Examine the role of land surveying in EIA
processes, including site selection, baseline data collection, and monitoring of environmental impacts.
• Land Surveying and Smart Cities: Investigate how land surveying technologies can contribute to the
development of smart cities by improving urban planning, infrastructure management, and resource
allocation.
• Geodetic Datums and Coordinate Systems: Research the evolution and standardization of geodetic
datums and coordinate systems, and their importance in modern land surveying.

• Precision Agriculture and Land Surveying: Analyze the use of land surveying
techniques in precision agriculture for optimizing crop management and resource
utilization.
• Geospatial Data Privacy and Security: Examine the privacy and security challenges
associated with the collection, storage, and sharing of geospatial data in land
surveying applications.
• Land Surveying Education and Training: Evaluate the current state of land
surveying education and training programs and propose improvements to meet the
evolving needs of the profession.
SAMPLE
• Title: Integration of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and LiDAR Technology for Improved Land Surveying Accuracy
• Abstract: Provide a concise summary of the research paper, including the problem statement, methodology, key findings, and implications.
• 1. Introduction:
• Background and context of the research.
• Problem statement and significance of the research.
• Research objectives and hypotheses.
• 2. Literature Review:
• Overview of traditional land surveying methods and their limitations.
• Review of existing research on UAVs and LiDAR technology in land surveying.
• Identification of gaps in the literature that this research addresses.
• 3. Methodology:
• Detailed explanation of the research methodology, including data collection and analysis techniques.
• Description of the UAV used, LiDAR equipment, and software employed.
• Sampling methods and survey design.
• Data preprocessing steps.
SAMPLE
• 4. Data Collection and Processing:
• Explanation of the data collection process using UAVs and LiDAR.
• Quality control measures and calibration procedures.
• Overview of data processing, including point cloud generation and filtering.
• 5. Results:
• Presentation of research findings through tables, figures, and charts.
• Comparison of the accuracy and efficiency of UAV-LiDAR surveys with traditional surveying methods.
• Analysis of data regarding the precision of elevation measurements and land feature identification.
• 6. Discussion:
• Interpretation of the results in the context of the research objectives.
• Assessment of the advantages and limitations of the UAV-LiDAR approach.
• Comparison with previous research findings and industry standards.
• Discussion of any unexpected or significant findings.
• 7. Conclusion:
• Summarize the main findings and their implications for land surveying.
• Reiterate the contributions of the research and its significance.
• Suggest potential applications and future research directions.
8. Recommendations for Practical Implementation:

Provide recommendations for land surveying professionals and organizations interested in
adopting UAV-LiDAR technology.
Discuss practical considerations, such as cost-effectiveness and regulatory compliance.
9. Acknowledgments:
Acknowledge individuals, institutions, or organizations that supported the research.
10. References:
Cite all sources and references used throughout the paper following a consistent citation style
(e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago).
11. Appendices:
Include supplementary materials, such as detailed technical specifications of equipment used,
additional data visuals, or survey questionnaires.
END OF
PRESENTATION…
“Research is creating new

knowledge”
-Neil Armstrong

Writing A Research Paper

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Manuel S.

Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City College of Engineering

WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER

WHY DO YOU NEED TO LEARN HOW

• It is defined as “intensive search with the purpose of becoming certain”.

• It is a systematic investigation into reality to gain knowledge.

Structure of a research paper

MSEUF PROJECT STUDY FORMAT

Structure of the Research Paper

Structure of the Research Paper

Structure of the Research Paper

Appendices To present relevant details such as letters to participants and organizations.

Questions that an abstract answers:

• Discussion – show your understanding of what your data suggests.

Referencing your paper

Note: we use “IEEE format”

WHERE & HOW DO WE BEGIN?

Make a preliminary outline:

When to quote an author?

Formatting your paper

The IEEE style consists of 2 critical elements:

CITING IN THE TEXT

CITING IN THE TEXT

CITING IN THE TEXT

SAMPLE RESEARCH TOPICS

SAMPLE RESEARCH TOPICS

SAMPLE RESEARCH TOPICS

SAMPLE RESEARCH TOPICS

8. Recommendations for Practical Implementation:

“Research is creating new

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