Major Drilling Equipment

Rig Equipment
Divided Into Following Categories:

–Hoisting Equipment
–Rotary Equipment
–Circulating Equipment
Hoisting Equipment
Draw Works
Draw Works
 Drawworks Functions
• One of the main major drilling equipment on
the rig
• Raises or lowers drill string, casing and other
equipment in well
• Through braking mechanism, controls rate of
lowering of drill string into hole
• Through braking mechanism, controls weight
on bit
• Uses cathead to make drill pipe and drill
collar and other tubulars
 Drawworks description
• Its brand name, model or capacity are
often used to designate a rig.
• The draw works consists of a rotating steel
drum around on which the wire rope or
drilling line is spooled.
Drawworks
 Drawworks description
• It has several other shafts, clutches &
chain & gear drives for speed and
direction change.
• The main drive shaft is equipped with
two sprockets connected by roller
chains to high and low drive sprockets
on the jackshaft
 Draw works Braking System
• It has a main brake mounted on brake
rims on both end of the drum to stop the
drum from turning.
• When heavy loads are being lowered,
main brake is assisted by an auxiliary
hydraulic or electric brake to absorb
momentum created by the heavy load.
• A drawwork is equipped with a water
cooling system to remove heat generated
during braking.
 Cat shaft
• It also has a cat shaft on which catheads
are mounted.
• Two different types of catheads are
mounted on each end of the cat shaft,
which extends out from both sides of
drawworks.
• Cat heads are used to make-up or break-
out the tool-joints.
Catheads
 Draw works Power
• D C motors used
• 2 or 3 motors
• 760 V DC and 1000 HP
• Advantages:
– High torque at low speeds when starting to pick
up string initially from slips
– Load variation
D C Motors
 Use of Draw works
• POOH
– Transmission used low or high
– Clutch to be engaged to raise draw works: Low or
high
– Throttle to be pressed for accelerating draw works
• RIH
– No power used to lower blocks
– Draw works is lowered due to weight of blocks or
drill string
– Uses electric eddy current brake to control speed
– Used mechanical brake band system to completely
stop draw works
 Draw works speed
• Transmission
– Low (Low speed high torque)
– High (High speed low torque)
• Clutch
– Low (Low speed)
– High (High speed)
• So speed combinations for drawworks
- Low-Low - Low-High
- High-Low - High-High
• Foot throttle used to accelarate draw
works speed
 Draw works speed
• Low transmission- Low clutch: Min speed
– Used when pulling out started at bottom and we are
very careful
• High transmission-Low clutch: Faster than
above
– Used in open hole POOH after we are in
comparatively safer formations
• Low transmission-High clutch: Faster
– Used in cased hole POOH
• High transmission-High clutch: Max speed
– Used when picking up empty block during RIH
 Drawworks Classification
• By Power Transmission :
Mechanical :
Receives power by means of gears, chains,
torque converters, clutches-

ex. National 1320 M,1625 M,1320 UDBM

• Electrical :
Receives power by means of electric motors-
Ex. 1320UE,1625DE,1320 UDBE
 Drawworks classification
• By rated input power:
• OILWELL
E-3000 (3000HP),
E-2000 (2000HP)
E-1400 (1400HP)
E-760(1000HP)
 Drawworks classification
• By drilling depth capacity (with a
specified pipe size, say 4-1/2” OD):
• ARMCO 1320UE (13000 - 20000 FT.),
• 1625UDBE (16,000 – 25,000 FT.),
• GARDNER DENVER (GD) 1500E
(minimum 15000ft.),
• GD2100E ( minimum 21000ft.)
21
 Crown block
• Mounted on beams at the top of the
derrick
• Most crown block have from 4 to 7
sheaves which may be as large as 5 ft
in diameter
• The sheaves of this block have
restraints to keep the line from jumping
the sheave in case of slackness occurs.
• Equipped with extra sheaves to
accommodate a sand line and a cat
line.
Crown block
 Crown block
Construction
• Manufactured of heat treated manganese or
specially alloy steel
• In recent model crown blocks, the Sheaves
are mounted in lineon antifriction tapered roller
bearing that run on a center pin ranging from 5
to 11 inches in diameter
• Lubrication takes place through riffle Bearing
in the center pin by means of grease fittings
recessed in one or both ends of the pin
Travelling
Block
 Travelling Block
• Moves up and down in derrick
• Is attached to a hook.
• Consists of several sheaves made of
high quality steel mounted on large dia
anti friction bearing
• Drilling lines reeved in pulleys
 Travelling Block
• Lubricated with grease through
stationary shaft which support the
sheaves
• Sheave grooves have tapering faces
such that sheaves support 150 deg. Of
rope circumference
Travelling Block Capacity
• Block capacity from 5 to 650 us ton and
may be manufactured for more capacity
• Different capacity blocks can be
installed on a rig
 Wire Rope:
An important component of drilling/
work over rigs
 Wire Rope
Core
• Core supports
outer strands
• Determines
flexibility of wire
rope
• Two types of
cores
– Fiber core
– Independent
Wire Rope
Center (IWRC)
Core
 Core
• Fiber core:
– Less strong, more flexible so easy to wrap
around round pipes
• IWRC core:
– IWRC core is a strand of wire with a
spiral opposite to that of outer strands to
balance torque & offset torque when
loaded. This is basically an Independent
wire rope made up of numerous strands
– Used in most ropes
– Greater strength & resistance to crush
 Construction

• Wires are made

into strands
• Strands are
wrapped spirally
onto core and
made into wire
rope
• Preformed strands
do not open even if
there is no load on
wire
 Preforming Wire Rope
• It gives a permanent set to wire rope & controls
its flexibility
• Strands remain fit together
• Less likely to kink when slack
• Longer service life
 Grades of Steel
• XIPS-
Extra improved plow steel for stronger ropes
• IPS-
Improved plow steel for general use
• PS-
Plow steel for general use
• MPS-
Mild plow steel for general use
• XIPS is the strongest grade. Generally, XIPS
& IPS grades are used.
 Strength of Rope

• Minimum Breaking strength in tonne-force

of Bright or drawn galvanized IPS rope
– 1-1/8” or 29 mm Dia = 37
– 1-1/4” or 32 mm Dia = 57
– 1-3/8” or 35 mm Dia = 68
– 1-1/2” or 38 mm Dia = 81
 Right Lay Regular Lay
• Right lay- right
direction of spiral
• Regular lay- wires
in each strand
twisted in opposite
direction of strand
direction. This
increases strength
& reduces
tendency to
untwist. Used in oil
industry
 Design: 6X19 Seale
• Many designs: 6X19,
6x21,6x26,6x25, 6X37
• 6 x 19 Seale is common
in drilling with IWRC
core
• 6 strands of wire
surround the core
• 1+9+9= 19 wires in
strand
• 1 center wire surrounded
by 9 small wires & these
are surrounded by 9
larger size wires
 Design: 6X19 Warrington

• 6 strands
• 19 wires in each
strand
• Warrington design
• 1+6+(6+6) = 19
 Reeving

• Spooling wire from dead line anchor to the

Draw works drum passing through crown
block sheaves & travelling block sheaves
alternately
• On a 160 feet with 10 lines it may require
about 600 m wire rope for initial spooling
 Why Slip & Cut

• Increases service life of drilling line

• Line wear greatest at critical point &
requires shifting
• Critical points are: pickup points coming
out and going in & crossover points at
drum
• Casing line is slipped in such a way that it
evenly worn
 Dead line anchor
• Consist of a base and slightly rotable
drum attached to the rig floor or
substructure
• A deadline anchor provides a means for
securing deadline and measuring the
hook load
Dead line anchor
43
Hook
 Hook
• Is large joining device suspended from
traveling block joined with pins
• Supports drill string during drilling with bail
• Supports drill string during tripping using
elevator links and elevators
• Rotates on bearings in its support housing
• Has strong and big spring inside to cushion of
the weight of drill pipe so that tool joint
threads are not damaged in making up and
breaking out drill pipe.
• Has safety latch for swivel
• Has locking arms or link ears at both sides for
elevator links
 Hook locks
• Two types of locks
– Soft lock
– Hard lock
• A special hook attached on a long pipe
is used to open or close these locks
 Soft locks
• Block can rotate under load but will
come back to original position once load
is taken off
• Can be locked in either of the 8
positions
• Used mainly during tripping
• Has 8 locking positions at 45 degree
difference
 Hard locks
• Block can not rotate if locked
• Can be locked in any position
• Used mainly during drilling so that rotary
hose and kelly spinner are not damaged
due to any rotation.
No locks
• If neither soft lock nor hard lock used
• Block can rotate freely 360 degrees
• Can be used during tripping if required
Rotating Equipment
Swivel
Swivel
 Swivel
• Swivel is the change over link between the
rotating drill string below & non-rotating
suspension system above.
• Swivel stem or body is attached to upper
end of the kelly & rotates with it. Weight of
the drill string is supported by the oil flooded
thrust bearing within the housing & the
whole assembly is suspended by the hook
and the swivel bail.
 Functions of swivel

• Suspend the drill stem

• Permit free rotation
• Passage to drilling fluid
 Swivel classification
• BY STEM SIZE:3S, 4S, 6S etc.
representing overall dimensions of stem
like 3-1/2” , 4-1/2” and 6-5/8” etc.
• BY MAXIMUM RATED DEPTH:Based
on drill pipe length it can suspend.
(care: pipe length or depth may be
shortened depending on the number of
collars used)
• BY DEAD LOAD TONNAGE:150,300,
425,500 T etc.which is the maximum
load it can safely hold.
 Rotary table
• Functions:
• To impart rotation to bit through string
• To support weight of drilling/casing
string whenever required
 Rotary table
• Design criteria:
Drilling torque
Deadweight capacity
Size of opening required.
• Classification:
by max.OPENING:17-1/2”, 20-1/2”, 27-
1/2”, 37-1/2” & 49-1/2”, 60” etc.
By dead load rating: 250 t, 450t, 500t,
650t etc.
Rotary table
 Rotary table
Main parts of rotary table assembly
• Base
• Turn table (or rotary table)
• Muster bushing
• Drive shaft assembly
• Draw works sprockets
• Drive shaft sprockets
• Locking device
 Master bushing, kelly bushing and slips
• In conventional rotary rig, three important devices fit
inside the rotary table
Muster bushing:
Functions
• Connects rotary table to the kelly bushing and
transfers rotation from one to the other during drilling
• Holds the slips when drilling stopped
Types of muster bushing
• Spit construction type
• Solid construction type
• Hinged construction type
Master Bushings
 Master bushing, kelly bushing and
slips
Types of muster bushing drive
• Four-pin
• Square
Functions of kelly bushing
• Transfers rotation from master bushing
to kelly
• Allows kelly to move up and down freely
Master bushing, kelly bushing and slips

Maintenance of slips
• Clean and lubricate
• Replace worn parts
• Inspect regularly
• Run slip tests on a regular basis
 Top
drive
 Top
drive
 Top drives
• Suspended in the derrick that works as a
kind of power swivel
• Performs several rotary drilling functions at
a time
 It rotates the drill stem
Serves as A passageway for D/mud
Supports the drill stem in the hole
• Rig uses top drive in place of
swivel,kelly,kelly bushing and rotary table.
 Top drives
• Rig owner retains the rotary table and
muster bushing as a place for floor
hands to set the slips to suspend the
drill stem in the hole.
• Stands are used in place of singles
• String can be rotated during POOH
which is not possible with rotary table
 Top drives
Components of a typical top drive

• A drilling motor and transmission assemly

• Guide rails and dolly assembly
• A pipe handler
• A counter balance system
• A motor cooling system
• A control system(electrical service loop and control
panel
Circulating Equipment
 MUD PUMPS FUNCTIONS

•To circulate the drilling fluid through the

well
•Displacement of cement
•Pressure testing of casing
 MUD PUMPS COMPONENTS
Fluid end -
Liner,piston,valves,seats,gaskets etc.
called expendables,
Power end:
Drive shaft, gears, crank, bearings,
lubrication system etc.
Auxiliary:
suction piping, discharge piping, super
charger, suction dampener, pulsation
dampner etc,
 Triplex single acting mud pump
• 3 liners with valves on one end of the
liner.
• Fluid displaced on forward stroke only.
• Discharge per stroke less but due to
even/ smooth discharge it can be
operated on higher speed.
• Compact size, less weight.
Mud Pump
Mud Tanks and Pump
 Mud pump classification:
• Based on input HP:
• Oilwell A-1700- PT , A-1400-PT etc.
• Based on stroke length:
• Gardner Denver -PZ-11( 11” Stroke), PZ-9
etc.
• Based on input power and stroke
length:
• National 10-P-130 (10” Stroke, 1300 HP),
8-P-80 (8-1/2” stroke,800 HP),etc.
 Supercharging pump
• Centrifugal supercharging pumps increase
suction line pressure
• The increased pressure produces higher
pump volumetric output and allows high
speed operations and smoother discharge
pressure.