CYBERPHYSICAL SYSTEMS, IOT AND 5G

TECHNOLOGY
Outline
• Cyber Physical Systems
• Internet of Things
• 5G Technology
• Definition and Evolution
• Application in smart societies
• Limitations and issues
• future trends
5G TECHNOLOGY
• Instrumentalism theory offers the most widely accepted view of
technology change

• Instrumentalists view technology as a means to an end. Thus,

technology is merely a tool or instrument that humans utilize to carry
out their own ends (Surry & Farquhar, 1997).
example the Amish community do not use modern technology
due to the religious beliefs despite being surrounded by modern
American communities that are advanced in technology

• Technology is a tool for achieving specific goals or solving particular

problems. According to this theory, technological change is driven
primarily by practical considerations, such as the need to improve
efficiency, reduce costs, or enhance performance. (Feenberg, 2002)
Cont…
• Technology is just a neutral tool created by humans and it is
controllable by humans to fulfill their respective tasks/ objective/
goal. (Hankanen, 2007).
Example: An instrumentalist views a gun as a tool, hence their
perspective is that guns don’t kill people, but people kill people.
• People and organizations make decisions on what technology they
will use and how they will use it. (Orlikowski, 1992).
• Therefore, the instrumental view to technological change believes
that the evolution of technology is due to the rationale to improve
efficiency, improve productivity and making our lives easier.
 OTHER PROPONENTS
• Joseph Schumpeter (Economist); Technological innovation is a key
driver of economic growth and development, and that entrepreneurs
play a critical role in bringing new technologies to market.
• Clayton Christensen (Business theorist); "disruptive innovation,“ - The
process by which new technologies and business models disrupt
established markets and industries.
• Michael Porter (Economist); "competitive advantage,“ - The
importance of innovation and technological change in driving business
success.
• Bill Gates (Microsoft); Emphasizes the importance of innovation and
technological progress in addressing global challenges such as poverty,
disease, and climate change.
 OTHER PROPONENTS
• Carlota Perez: (Scholar); Developed a framework emphasizing the
role of institutional and regulatory factors in shaping the trajectory
of innovation.
• Jeff Bezos (Amazon); Leveraging the power of technology to
disrupt traditional retail and logistics industries.
• These and other proponents of instrumentalism argue that
technology can help solve many of the world's most pressing
problems, from poverty and disease to environmental degradation
and social inequality. They believe that by focusing on innovation
and technological progress, we can create a better future for all
people.
CRITIQUES
• It overlooks the ways in which technology can shape and
influence human behaviour and society;
• It can lead to a narrow focus on efficiency and productivity at the
expense of other values and goals.
• Technology is often developed and deployed in ways that benefit
those with the most power and resources, rather than those who
are most in need.
• MPESA, LIPA NA MPESA

• ECITIZEN

• JUMIA, JIJI
Q&A
THANK YOU