SWIMMING

AND
AQUATICS
 The term "swimming" refers to the propulsion
of body through the water with the help of limbs
to move in the desired direction. It is basically
locomotion of creatures in water to survive, but
amphibians also have an ability to go with this
kind. Human uses swimming for many purposes
such as exercise, sports and recreation. The
medium can either be still or turbulent or moving
with a velocity.
HISTORY OF
SWIMMING
Proof of recreational swimming in ancient occasions has been found, with the most reliable
evidence dating to Stone Age artworks from around 10,000 years prior. Composed references
date from 2000 BC, with probably the most reliable references to swimming including the Iliad,
the Odyssey, the Bible, Beowulf, the Quran and others. In 1538, Nikolaus Wynmann, a Swiss
educator of dialects, composed the first book about swimming - The Swimmer or A Dialog on
the Art of Swimming.

Swimming rose as a competitive recreational movement during the 1830s in England. In 1828,
the first indoor pool, St George's Baths was opened to the public. By 1837, the National
Swimming Society was holding ordinary swimming rivalries in six artificial pools, worked
around London. The recreational movement developed in prevalence, and by 1880, when the
main national overseeing body, the Amateur Swimming Association was shaped, there was at
that point more than 300 regional clubs in task over the country.
 Swimming rose as a competitive recreational movement during the 1830s in England. In
1828, the first indoor pool, St George's Baths was opened to the public. By 1837, the National
Swimming Society was holding ordinary swimming rivalries in six artificial pools, worked
around London. The recreational movement developed in prevalence, and by 1880, when the
main national overseeing body, the Amateur Swimming Association was shaped, there was at
that point more than 300 regional clubs in task over the country.
In 1844 two Native American members at a swimming game in London acquainted the
front crawl with a European group of onlookers. Sir John Arthur Trudgen grabbed the hand-
over stroke from some South American locals and effectively introduced the new stroke in
1873, winning a nearby challenge in England. His stroke is still viewed as the most dominant
to utilise today.
 Chief Matthew Webb was the first man to swim the English Channel (among England and France),
in 1875. Utilising the breaststroke system, he swam the channel of 21.26 miles (34.21 km) in 21 hours
and 45 minutes. His accomplishment was not recreated or outperformed for the following 36 years, until
T.W. Burgess made the intersection in 1911.
Other European nations additionally formed swimming alliances; Germany in 1882, France in 1890
and Hungary in 1896. The main European amateur swimming games were in 1889 in Vienna. The world's
first ladies' swimming title was held in Scotland in 1892.
Men's swimming turned out to be a piece of the Olympic Games in 1896 in Athens. In 1902, the
Australian Richmond Cavill acquainted free-form with the Western world. In 1908, the world swimming
affiliation, Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA), was framed. Ladies' swimming was brought into
the Olympics in 1912; the principal global swim meet for ladies outside the Olympics was the 1922
Women's Olympiad. The butterfly was created during the 1930s and was at first a variation of
breaststroke until it was acknowledged as a different style in 1952.
EQUIPMENT
HISTORY
 Chief Matthew Webb was the first man to swim the English Channel (among
England and France), in 1875. Utilising the breaststroke system, he swam the
channel of 21.26 miles (34.21 km) in 21 hours and 45 minutes. His
accomplishment was not recreated or outperformed for the following 36 years,
until T.W. Burgess made the intersection in 1911.
Other European nations additionally formed swimming alliances; Germany in
1882, France in 1890 and Hungary in 1896. The main European amateur
swimming games were in 1889 in Vienna. The world's first ladies' swimming title
was held in Scotland in 1892.
Men's swimming turned out to be a piece of the Olympic Games in 1896 in
Athens. In 1902, the Australian Richmond Cavill acquainted free-form with the
Western world. In 1908, the world swimming affiliation, Fédération Internationale
de Natation (FINA), was framed. Ladies' swimming was brought into the
Olympics in 1912; the principal global swim meet for ladies outside the Olympics
was the 1922 Women's Olympiad. The butterfly was created during the 1930s
and was at first a variation of breaststroke until it was acknowledged as a
different style in 1952.
 In 2009, FINA guidelines and directions were modified, successful
from 1 January 2010. Suits made with polyurethane were prohibited
because they made competitors increasingly buoyant. These guidelines
likewise restricted suits which go over the navel or underneath the knee
for men and suits which stretch out past the shoulders or spread the
neck for ladies. FINA expressed that it "wishes to review the primary and
centre standard is that swimming is a game dependent on the physical
execution of the athlete".
With the coming of elastic innovation, latex swimming caps wound
up mass-delivered during the 1920s, and increasingly proficient silicone
caps showed up during the 1970s.
VARIANTS
 Sprinting
Sprinting means swimming intensely for a shorter period. Sprinter swimmer usually put
maximum effort on the swim/speed and concentrate on managing their breath. They usually
participate in 50, 100, and 200 metres races.

Distance Swimming
Distance swimming means swimming faster and longer as to cover a long distance. Distance
swimmers have high endurance since they swim for long periods and have to deal with greater
strains on their muscles and body. While swimming in a race, they usually seek to maintain a high
average speed and keep trying to relax while not entirely dropping theri speed. They often
participate in 800 or 1500 meter races.
 Middle distance swimming
Middle distance swimmers do not decrease their speed as fast as a sprinter while swimming on
a long swimming course. They also tend to have higher initial speed than long-distance swimmers.
They usually give their optimum performance on a track which is not too long and ranges between
200 meters and 400 meters.
EVENTS
Individual Medley (IM)
In this event, a swimmer performs four strokes in the order- butterfly, backstroke,
breaststroke and freestyle. A swimmer starts with butterfly stroke and completes the race
ending with freestyle with each stroke performed according to its rules and especially the
turn rules.
Relays
The relay is also performed in two ways- the freestyle relay and the Medley relay. In
freestyle relays, four swimmers participate as a team and each swimmer cover one-fourth of
the total distance according to the freestyle rules whereas in a medley relay; the first one
follows backstroke, the second one breaststroke, the third one butterfly and the fourth one
ends the race following the freestyle stroke.
PARTICIPANTS
Both men and women participate in this
sport. The swimmer has to swim a definite
distance with minimum length of time.
When the starter gives the first signal,
swimmers take their positions at the
starting block and on the second signal,
they dive into the pool to reach the finish
point. There are four strokes or styles in
which men and women compete.
 Equipments
Swimsuit
Competitive swimwear tries to enhance exposed skin for a
speed preferred standpoint and inclusion. In 2009, FINA
principles and directions were changed, and suits made
with polyurethane were prohibited because they made
competitors progressively bouyant. These standards
additionally banned lawsuits which go over the navel or
beneath the knee for men and suits which stretch out past
the shoulders or spread the neck for women.

Swim Cap
A swim cap keeps the swimmer's hair off the water to
lessen drag. Caps are usually made up of various
synthetic materials like latex, silicone, spandex or lycra.
Goggles
They keep water and chlorine out of swimmers' eyes.
Glasses might be tinted to check frown at open-air pools.
Swimmers who wear corrective focal lenses might utilise
remedy goggles.

Swim Fins
Elastic blades/ rubber fins are utilised to help kick
quicker and construct quality and procedure, however, are
illicit in a race. They additionally improve strategy and
technique by keeping the feet in the best possible position
while kicking.
Drag suit
Swimmers use drag suits in preparing to build
resistance. This enables a swimmer to be tested much
more when rehearsing and let the swimmer feel less
obstruction when hustling. Drag suits are not utilised in
races.

Hand paddles
Swimmers utilise these plastic gadgets to
manufacture arm and shoulder strength while refining
hand-pulling strategy. Hand paddles append to the hand
with elastic tubing or flexible material. They come in a
massive range of shapes and sizes, contingent upon
swimmer inclination and hand measure.
Kickboard
A kickboard is a foam board used by swimmers to
help/support the heaviness of the chest area/upper body
while they centre around kicking. Kicking is the
development of the legs to build leg muscle for future
quality.

Pull Buoy
Frequently utilised in the meantime as hand paddles,
pull floats bolster swimmers' legs (and keep them from
kicking) while they centre around dragging. Pull buoys are
made up of foam, so they glide in the water. Swimmers
hold them in the middle of the thighs. They can likewise be
utilised as a kickboard to make kicking somewhat harder.
Snorkel
A snorkel is a plastic gadget that enables
swimmers to inhale while swimming. This bit of gear
allows the swimmer to work on keeping their head in
one position, alongside preparing them for the best
possible breathing strategy of taking in through the
mouth and out the nose. This strategy is the inverse
of a typical sprinter's breathing example, which is in
the nose and out the mouth.

Tempo Trainer
A signalling clock joined to a swimmers top or
goggles keeps up a specific arm rhythm or speed.
As each beep is heard, the following stroke, or
cycles of strokes, ought to be taken.
Zoomers
A sort of elastic swimming balances, zoomers are cut
off blades with the gaps in the base. They help make the
swimmer kick quicker, yet at the expense of working
harder.
Playing Area

The length of pools varies according to the races which often take place either
in 25m or 50 m pool. The depth also varies according to the event (ideally about
1.8m) and the water temperature being constant (240 C).The pool is divided into 8
lanes numbering one to eight from right to left defined by lane markers for 8
competitors to race with each other. The distance between the walls of the pool of
both sides and the outermost lane markers is 40 cm. Besides this, there are bottom
lines painted at the bottom of the pool in the center of each lane for swimmers to
make sure that they perform in their lane. On one side of the pool, there are
starting blocks (or backstroke grips) for the competitors from where they dive into
the pool to swim to the end mark on the other side.
TECHNIQUES
Freestyle
Holding breath, the swimmer pushes off his body and then stretches it thoroughly before diving into the
water. After going in depth, he/she returns to the surface by fluttering the legs. Hands are lifted forward
alternatively to move ahead. The swimmer can breathe out only when his head is submerged. By reaching
another end of the pool, he touches the wall by any part of the body and then somersaults to relocate his body
in the initial direction.

Backstroke
This is one of the least famous strokes in which swimmers swim on their back by fluttering the legs and
moving forward with the help of hands. The starting position for this stroke is different from freestyle. The
swimmer holds the grip of departure and braces his feet against the wall underwater. At the signal, he leaves
the grip and dive into the water with full force by pushing off his legs on the wall. After diving in, the swimmer
starts fluttering his feet to reach the surface and then moves his arms alternatively to go forward. After reaching
another end, he flips onto his stomach and touches the wall by any part of his body (mostly by feet). Before
leaving the wall, he should return to the backdown position.
Freestyle
Holding breath, the swimmer pushes off his body and then stretches it thoroughly before diving into the
water. After going in depth, he/she returns to the surface by fluttering the legs. Hands are lifted forward
alternatively to move ahead. The swimmer can breathe out only when his head is submerged. By reaching
another end of the pool, he touches the wall by any part of the body and then somersaults to relocate his body
in the initial direction.

Backstroke
This is one of the least famous strokes in which swimmers swim on their back by fluttering the legs and
moving forward with the help of hands. The starting position for this stroke is different from freestyle. The
swimmer holds the grip of departure and braces his feet against the wall underwater. At the signal, he leaves
the grip and dive into the water with full force by pushing off his legs on the wall. After diving in, the swimmer
starts fluttering his feet to reach the surface and then moves his arms alternatively to go forward. After reaching
another end, he flips onto his stomach and touches the wall by any part of his body (mostly by feet). Before
leaving the wall, he should return to the backdown position.
Breaststroke
After the signal, the swimmer pushes off his body, dive into the water and then move in a
forward direction by pulling the arms in outward, downward and then inward direction before kicking
with legs. At another end of the pool, the swimmer has to touch the wall with both his hands and
regain the horizontal position before leaving the wall. This type of turn is called an "Open Turn".

Butterfly Stroke
Similar to breaststroke and freestyle, the swimmer moves both his arms in a symmetrical
pattern, keeping the shoulder parallel to the water surface and moving his legs in unison manner
like a dolphin. The swimmer breathes in at the end of the stroke while taking the arms over his
head. After reaching the end of the pool, he touches the wall by both of his hands and then pushes
off the wall with feet. Moving in the stomach down position, he uses dolphin kicks and then swims in
the same manner to complete the race.
OFFICIALS
Referee
A person in-charge to conduct the whole
meet. He makes the final decision after judges if Turn Judges
there is any appeal.
Eight judges are assigned to each lane
Starter to observe whether the swimmers are taking
the turn according to their stroke.
The one who commands swimmers to start
the race and has full control over the particular Chief Timer
event.
The Chief Timer verifies the
Stroke Judges electronically recorded time of each
swimmer performing in the event.
To observe the performance of each
swimmer in the pool, there are four stroke judges
two being on each side of the pool.
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