APPLICATION:

Complete the table below arranged in chronological order the events in the
history of swimming.

DATES: EVENTS:

9000 BC -An Egyptian clay seal dated between shows four people who are believed to be
swimming a variant of the front crawl.
 

4000 B.C -dated that most references about swimming are found
--most famous drawings were found in the Kebir desert.
 

3000 B.C -The Nagoda bas-relief also shows swimmers inside of men.

2000 B.C -Egyptian tomb from 2000 BC shows a variant of front crawl. Depictions of
swimmers have also been found from the Hittites, Minoans and other Middle
Eastern civilizations, in the Tepantitla compound at Teotihuacan, and
in mosaics in Pompeii
-Written references date back to ancient times (Gilgamesh, the Iliad, the Odyssey,
the Bible, Beowulf, and other sagas, although the style is never described. )
850 BC -the Nimrud Gallery of the British Museum shows swimmers, mostly in military
  context, often using swimming aids.
 

1793 - GutsMuths from Schnepfenthal, Germany, wrote Gymnastik für die

Jugend(Exercise for youth), including a significant portion about swimming.

1794 -Kanonikus Oronzio de Bernardi of Italy wrote a two volume book about swimming,
including floating practice as a prerequisite for swimming studies.

1798 -, GutsMuths wrote another book Kleines Lehrbuch der Schwimmkunst zum

Selbstunterricht (Small study book of the art of swimming for self-study),
recommending the use of a "fishing rod" device to aid in the learning of swimming.
His books describe a three-step approach to learning to swim that is still used
today. First, get the student used to the water; second, practice the swimming
movements out of the water; and third, practice the swimming movements in the
water.
1828 -the first indoor swimming pool, St George's Baths, was opened to the public.

1837 -the National Swimming Society was holding regular swimming competitions in six

artificial swimming pools, built around London

1844 --a swimming competition was conducted in London. There were two Native
Americans. Participated who used the front crawl or known as the free style while
their British competitor traditional breaststroke. The two Native American won
which proved that the American technique was fatser than the British breast stroke.
1868 -Sir John Arthur Trudgen picked up the hand-over stroke from South American
natives he observed swimming on a trip to Buenos Aires and return to England.

1896 -The first he Olympic Games were held in Athens, but it only covers male
participants.
Alfréd Hajós
-an Hungarian swimmer who became the first gold medalist who in the 100 m
freestyle. He was also victorious in the 1200 m event, and was unable to compete
in the 500 m, which was won by Austrian Paul Neumann.
1901 Richmond Cavill
-an Australian who improved the Trudgen stroke.
 -swimming 100 yards (91 m) in 1:00.0, an improvement of about ten seconds
compared to the breaststroke record. Due to its speed the Trudgen became very
quickly popular around the world, despite all the ungentle man-like splashing.
1904 -The Olympics in St. Louis included races over 50 yards (46 m), 100 yards, 220
yards (200 m), 440 yards, 880 yards (800 m) and one mile (1.6 km) freestyle, 100
yards (91 m) backstroke and 440 yards (400 m) breaststroke, and the 4x50 yards
freestyle relay (see also Swimming at the 1904 Summer Olympics). These games
differentiated between breaststroke and freestyle, so that there were now two
defined styles (breaststroke and backstroke) and freestyle, where most people
swam Trudgen.
1908 -the world swimming association Fédération Internationale de Natation Amateur
(FINA) was formed.

1922 -Johnny Weissmuller 

-became the first person to swim the 100 m in less than a minute, using a six
kicks per cycle Australian crawl.
-He started the golden age of swimming, winning five Olympic medals and 36
national championships and never losing a race in his ten-year career, until he
retired from swimming and started his second career starring as Tarzan in film. His
record of 51 seconds in 100-yard (91 m) freestyle stood for over 17 years.
- In the same year, Sybil Bauer became the first woman to break men's world
record over the 440 m backstroke in just for 6:24.8.
1924 -Summer Olympics in Paris, lane dividers made of cork were used for the first time,
and lines on the pool bottom aided with orientation.

1928 -The scientific study of swimming began in 1928 with David Armbruster, a coach at
the University of Iowa, who filmed swimmers underwater.

1932 -The Japanese also used underwater photography to research the stroke
mechanics, and subsequently dominated the Summer Olympics

1934 -.Armbruster elaborated a method to bring the arms forward over water in
breaststroke.
-It was called “The Butterfly technique”
-Even though this "butterfly" technique was difficult, it brought a great improvement
in speed.
1956 -some other modification was developed for breaststroke. (Breaking the water
surface increases the friction, reducing the speed of the swimmer. )
-it caused a controversy at the Summer Olympics in Melbourne where six
swimmers were annpunced as disqualified. -
-The rule was changed to require breaststroke to be swum at the surface starting
with the first surfacing after the start and after each turn.
-Games in Melbourne also saw the introduction of the flip turn, a sort of tumble turn
to faster change directions at the end of the lane.
1972 -Mark Spitz
-a famous swimmer who was at the height of his career has he won seven gold
medals at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany.
 

1998 -the dolphin-kick underwater swimming technique is now also used for butterfly.
-FINA introduced a rule limiting swimmers to 15 meters underwater per lap before
they must surface.
-Denis Pankratov (Russia) or Angela Kennedy (Australia)
-as the underwater swimming for freestyle and backstroke, the underwater
swimming technique is now also used for butterfly. They swum in large distances
underwater with a dolphin kick.
 
2005 -FINA declared that you may take 1 underwater dolphin kick in the motion of a
breaststroke pull-out.

2010 -Sophisticated bodyskins were banned from FINA competitions from the start of this
year.
Michael Phelps and Rebecca Adlington
-together with many national swimming federations, these two known swimmers
criticized the suits and have demanded the action.
 
Assessment:
Discuss the latest development of Swimming.

Swimming is known to be a recommendable sport in many practical aspects.

One of these is the necessity to learn the sport or how to swim in case of emergency.
Another is, it became an effective way to engage ourselves into exercise in order to lose
weight and as a recreational activity it makes our body active and used for physical
therapy. Moreover, as the year have passed, swimming also developed all throughout
the years. Starting with the Egyptians and Hittites, many written works that served as a
guiding material for people about the sport, then it turned out to be a competition and
precisely as an Olympic game later on. Every specific time has its own development
which were essential to enhance the sport and also the way people engaged
themselves. The recent development about swimming according to (The Tokyo
Organizing Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, 2020), includes the
Medley relays which differ from individual medleys in that the following stroke order is
used: backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly, freestyle. Moreover, the teams include the top-
performing athlete for each stroke, creating all-star match-ups. While in the 4×100m
medley relay (mixed) which is a new event, the teams should consist two men and two
women. However, they are given the chance to choose who swims each stroke. This
add to the excitement since men and women may freely swim against each other.
Meanwhile for the in team relay events, it's important to shorten the changeover
time. It has been discussed that the time from one swimmer touching the wall to the
next swimmer's legs leaving the starting platform. Furthermore, a poorly executed
changeover might lead a team to lose their position in the race, or worse, they can be
considered as disqualified if the outgoing swimmer sets off ahead of time.
In terms of sports equipment’s, the newly released Swim Snorkel Pro. It is the
latest development on the more conventional Swim Snorkel. Also, it is designed for
more experienced swimmers, its hydrodynamic design provides exceptional stability at
high speeds. The said features are not only allows the swimmer to maintain an efficient
swimming technique, but, guarantees more conducive and efficient swimming style in
workouts which also enhances the performance of the athlete or swimmer by giving
strength under the water.(Arena Coaches,2019)
References:
https://tokyo2020.org/en/sports/swimming/
https://blog.arenaswim.com/en/training-technique/swim-snorkel-pro-the-latest-
development-for-swimming-training/