Set # 13

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 2.
5 – Slide 1
Chapter 2
Equations, Inequalities, and

Applications
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 2.5 – Slide 2
2.5
Formulas and Additional

Applications from Geometry
2.5 Formulas and Additional Applications
from Geometry
Objectives
1. Solve a formula for one variable, given the values

of the other variables.
2. Use a formula to solve an applied problem.
3. Solve problems involving vertical angles and
straight angles.
4. Solve a formula for a specified variable.
from Geometry
Solving a Formula for One Variable
Example 1
Find the value of the remaining variable.
P = 2L + 2W; P = 52; L = 8
P = 2L + 2W Check: 2 · 8 + 2 · 18 =
52 = 2 · 8 + 2W 16 + 36 = 52
52 = 16 + 2W
–16 –16
36 = 2W
2 2
18 = W
from Geometry
Solving a Formula for One Variable
AREA FORMULAS
 Triangle h b = base
A = ½bh h = height
b
 Rectangle L L = Length
W W = Width
A = LW
h = height
 Trapezoid b b = small base
A = ½h(bh+ B)
B B = large base
from Geometry
Using a Formula to Solve an Applied Problem
Example 2
The area of a rectangular garden is 187 in2 with a width of
17 in. What is the length of the garden?
L A = LW
17 187 = L · 17
17 17
11 = L
The length is 11 in.
Check: 17 · 11 = 187
from Geometry
Using a Formula to Solve an Applied Problem
Example 3
Bob is working on a sketch for a new underwater vehicle
(UV), shown below. In his sketch, the bottom of the UV
is 10 ft long, the top is 8 ft long, and the area is 63 ft2.
What is the height of his UV?
A = ½h(b + B) The height of the UV
8 is 7ft.
63 = ½h(8 + 10)
h
10 63 = ½h(18) Check:
63 = 9h
½ · 7 · 18 = 63
9 9
7=h
from Geometry
Solving Problems Involving Vertical and Straight Angles
2
1 3
4
The figure shows two intersecting lines forming angles that are
numbered: 1 , 2 , 3 , and 4 .
Angles 1 and 3 lie “opposite” each other. They are called
vertical angles. Another pair of vertical angles is 2 and 4 .
Vertical angles have equal measures.
Now look at angles 1 and 2 . When their measures are added,
we get the measure of a straight angle, which is 180°. There
are three other such pairs of angles: 2 and 3 , 3 and 4 , and
4 and1 .
.
from Geometry
Example 4
Find the measure of each marked angle below.
Since the marked angles are vertical
angles, they have equal measures.
(3x – 4)° (5x – 40)°
3x – 4 = 5x – 40 Thus, both angles
–3x –3x are
–4 = 2x – 403 · 18 – 4 = 50°
CAUTION + 40 + 40
Here, the answer was 36 = 2x Check:
not the value of x! 2 2 5 · 18 – 40 = 50°
18 = x
from Geometry
Example 4
Find the measure of each marked angle below.
Since the marked angles are
(6x – 10)° (x + 15)° straight angles, their sum will be
180°.
6x – 10 + x + 15 = 180 Thus, the angles
are
7x + 5 = 180
–5 –5 6 · 25 – 10 = 140°
and
Check: 7x = 175
7 7 25 + 15 = 40°
140° + 40° = 180°
x = 25
from Geometry
Solving a Formula for a Specified Variable
Example 5
Solve A = ½bh for b.
The goal is to get b alone on one side of the equation.
2· ·2
A = ½bh
2A = bh
h h
2A
=b
h
2.6
Ratio, Proportion, and Percent

2.6 Ratio, Proportion, and Percent
Objectives
1. Write ratios.
2. Solve proportions.
3. Solve applied problems using proportions.
4. Find percentages and percents.
Writing Ratios
Ratio
A ratio is a comparison of two quantities using a quotient.
The ratio of the number a to the number b is awritten
b
a to b, a : b, or .
Writing Ratios
Example 1 Write a ratio for each word phrase.
(a) The ratio of 7 yards to 4 yards is

7 yd 7
= .
4 yd 4
(b) To find the ratio of 8 feet to 6 yards, first convert 6 yards to feet.
6 yards = 6 • 3 = 18 ft
The ratio of 8 feet to 6 yards is thus
8 ft =
8 ft =
4 .
6 yd 18 ft 9
Writing Ratios
Example 2
What size is the best buy? That is, which size has the lowest unit
price?
PEANUT BUTTER
Size Price
18-oz $1.89
40-oz $4.16
64-oz $7.04
Writing Ratios
Example 2 (continued)
Size Price Unit Cost (dollars per ounce)

$1.89
18-oz $1.89 = $0.105
18
$4.16 Best Buy!
40-oz $4.16 = $0.104
40
$7.04
64-oz $7.04 = $0.110
64
Because the 40-oz size produces the lowest unit cost, it is the
best buy.
Solving Proportions
A proportion says that two ratios are equal, so it is a special

type of equation. We read the proportion
a = c (b, d ≠ 0).
b d
as “a is to b as c is to d.” We can also find the products ad
and bc by multiplying diagonally.
If a = c , then ad and bc are equal and are called cross
b d
products.
Solving Proportions
Example 3
2 x
Solve the proportion.
3 = 51
2 x
3 = 51
2 • 51 = 3 • x Cross products must be equal.
102 = 3x Multiply.
34 = x Divide by 3.
Check by substituting 34 for x in the proportion. The solution is 34.
Solving Proportions
Example 4
Solve the equation. w–4 w+1
=
3 6
w–4 w+1
=
3 6
6(w – 4) = 3(w + 1) Cross products must be equal.
6w – 24 = 3w + 3 Distribute.
6w = 3w + 27 Add 24.
3w = 27 Subtract 3w.
w = 9 Divide by 3.
Check that the solution is 9.
Solving Applied Problems Using Proportions
Example 5 After Edwin pumped 7.0 gal of gasoline, the display

showing the price read $15.33. When he finished pumping the
gasoline, the display read $35.04. How many gallons did he
pump?
Price $15.33 $35.04 Price
=
Gallons 7.0 x Gallons
15.33x = 7.0(35.04) Cross products must be equal.

15.33x = 245.28 Multiply.
x = 16 Divide.
He pumped a total of 16 gal. Check this answer. Notice that the

way the proportion is set up uses the fact that the unit price is the
same, no matter how the gallons are purchased.
Finding Percentages and Percents
We can solve a percent problem by writing it as a proportion
amount percent or a P
= = .
base 100 b 100
The amount, or percentage, is compared to the base (the

whole amount). Since percent means per 100, we compare
the numerical value of the percent to 100.
Example 6 Find 16% of 750.
a P
=
b 100
a 16
=
750 100
100a = 750(16) Cross products must be equal.

100a = 12,000 Multiply.
a = 120 Divide.
Thus, 16% of 750 is 120.
Example 7 A CD with a regular price of $15 is on sale this

week at 26% off. Find the amount of the discount and the sale
price this week.
a P
=
b 100
a 26
=
15 100
100a = 15(26) Cross products must be equal.
100a = 390 Multiply.
a = 3.90 Divide.
The amount of the discount on the CD is $3.90, and the sale price
is $15.00 – $3.90 = $11.10.
Example 8 A computer advertisement was listed in the

newspaper for $595. The regular price was $850. What
percent of the regular price was the savings?
a P
=
b 100
255 P The savings amounted to
=
850 100 $850 – $595 = $255.
100(255) = 850P Cross products must be equal.
25,500 = 850P Multiply.
30 = P Divide.
The sale price represented a 30% savings.
2.7
Solving Linear Inequalities

2.7 Solving Linear Inequalities
Objectives
1. Graph intervals on a number line.

2. Use the addition property of inequality.
3. Use the multiplication property of inequality.
4. Solve inequalities using both properties of
inequality.
5. Use inequalities to solve applied problems.
6. Solve linear inequalities with three parts.
Inequalities are algebraic expressions related by

< “is less than,” ≤ “is less than or equal to”
> “is greater than,” ≥ “is greater than or equal to.”
We solve an inequality by finding all real number

solutions for it. For example, the solutions of x ≤ 2
include all real numbers that are less than or equal to 2,
not just the integers less than or equal to 2.
Graphing Intervals on a Number Line
Example 1 Graph x > –2.
The statement x > –2 says that x can represent any value

greater than – 2 but cannot equal –2 itself. We show this
interval on a graph by placing an open circle (or parenthesis)
at –2 and drawing an arrow to the right. The open circle at –2
indicates that –2 is not part of the graph.
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
Graphing Intervals on a Number Line
Example 2 Graph –1 < x ≤ 2.
The statement –1 < x ≤ 2 is read “–1 is less than x and x is

less than or equal to 2.” We graph the solutions to this
inequality by placing an open circle (or parenthesis) at –1
(because –1 is not part of the graph) and a closed circle (or
bracket) at 2 (because 2 is part of the graph), then drawing a
line segment between the two. Notice that the graph includes
all points between –1 and 2 and includes 2 as well.
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
Using the Addition Property of Inequality
Linear Inequality in One Variable

A linear inequality in one variable can be written in
the form
Ax + B < C,
where A, B, and C are real numbers, with A ≠ 0.
Examples of linear inequalities in one variable include

x + 5 < 2, t – 3 ≥ 5, and 2k + 5 ≤ 10.
Addition Property of Inequality
For any real numbers A, B, and C, the inequalities
A < B and A + C < B + C
have exactly the same solutions.
In words, the same number may be added to each
side of an inequality without changing the solutions.
Note
As with the addition property of equality, the same
number may be subtracted from each side of an inequality.
Note that the Addition Property of Inequality holds for any
type of inequality (<, >, ≤, and ≥).
Example 3 Solve 5 + 6x ≤ 5x + 8, and graph the solution set.
5 + 6x ≤ 5x + 8 A graph of the solution set is

–5x –5x
5+x≤8 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–5 –5
x≤3
Using the Multiplication Property of Inequality
Multiplication Property of Inequality
For any real numbers A, B, and C (C ≠ 0),
1. If C is positive, then the inequalities
A < B and AC < BC
have exactly the same solutions;
2. if C is negative, then the inequalities
A < B and AC > BC
have exactly the same solutions.
In words, each side of an inequality may be multi-
plied by the same positive number without changing
the solutions. If the multiplier is negative, we must
reverse the direction of the inequality symbol.
Using the Multiplication Property of Inequality
Note
As with the multiplication property of equality, the
same nonzero number may be divided into each side.
If the divider is negative, we must reverse the
direction of the inequality.
This property of inequality holds for any type of
inequality (<, >, ≤, and ≥).
Using the Mulitiplication Property of Inequality
Example 4 Solve 6y > 12, and graph the solution set.
6y > 12 A graph of the solution set is

6 6
y>2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Solving Inequalities Using Both Properties of Inequality
Solving a Linear Inequality

Step 1 Simplify each side separately. Use the
distributive property to clear parentheses and
combine terms on each side as needed.
Step 2 Isolate the variable term on one side. Use the
addition property to get all terms with variables
on one side of the inequality and all numbers on
the other side.
Step 3 Isolate the variable. Use the multiplication
property to write the inequality in the form
x < c or x > c.
Solving Inequalities Using Both Properties of Inequality
Example 5 Solve –2(z + 3) – 5z ≤ 4(z – 1) + 9.

Graph the solution set.
–2(z + 3) – 5z ≤ 4(z – 1) + 9 A graph of the solution set is

–2z – 6 – 5z ≤ 4z – 4 + 9
–7z – 6 ≤ 4z + 5 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–4z –4z
–11z – 6 ≤ 5
+6 + 6
Reverse the direction of the
–11z ≤ 11 inequality symbol when
11 11 dividing each side by a
z ≥ –1 negative number.
Using Inequalities to Solve Applied Problems
Phrase Example Inequality

Is greater than A number is greater than 4 x>4
Is less than A number is less than –12 x < –12
Is at least A number is at least 6 x≥6
Is at most A number is at most 8 x≤8
Using Inequalities to Solve Applied Problems
Example 6
Brent has test grades of 86, 88, 86  88  78  x
 80
and 78 on his first three tests in 4
geometry. If he wants an
 252  x
average of at least 80 after his 4   80 4
fourth test, what are the possible  4 
scores he can make on that test? 252 + x ≥ 320
Let x = Brent’s score on his –252 –252
fourth test. To find his average x ≥ 68
after four tests, add the test
scores and divide by 4. Brent must score 68 or more
on the fourth test to have an
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
average of at least 80. 2.7 – Slide 41

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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 2.

Equations, Inequalities, and

Formulas and Additional

1. Solve a formula for one variable, given the values

The goal is to get b alone on one side of the equation.

Ratio, Proportion, and Percent

Example 1 Write a ratio for each word phrase.

(a) The ratio of 7 yards to 4 yards is

Size Price Unit Cost (dollars per ounce)

A proportion says that two ratios are equal, so it is a special

Check by substituting 34 for x in the proportion. The solution is 34.

Check that the solution is 9.

Example 5 After Edwin pumped 7.0 gal of gasoline, the display

15.33x = 7.0(35.04) Cross products must be equal.

He pumped a total of 16 gal. Check this answer. Notice that the

We can solve a percent problem by writing it as a proportion

The amount, or percentage, is compared to the base (the

Example 6 Find 16% of 750.

100a = 750(16) Cross products must be equal.

Thus, 16% of 750 is 120.

Example 7 A CD with a regular price of $15 is on sale this

Example 8 A computer advertisement was listed in the

The sale price represented a 30% savings.

Solving Linear Inequalities

1. Graph intervals on a number line.

Inequalities are algebraic expressions related by

We solve an inequality by finding all real number

Example 1 Graph x > –2.

The statement x > –2 says that x can represent any value

Example 2 Graph –1 < x ≤ 2.

The statement –1 < x ≤ 2 is read “–1 is less than x and x is

Linear Inequality in One Variable

Examples of linear inequalities in one variable include

Example 3 Solve 5 + 6x ≤ 5x + 8, and graph the solution set.

5 + 6x ≤ 5x + 8 A graph of the solution set is

Example 4 Solve 6y > 12, and graph the solution set.

6y > 12 A graph of the solution set is

Solving a Linear Inequality

Example 5 Solve –2(z + 3) – 5z ≤ 4(z – 1) + 9.

–2(z + 3) – 5z ≤ 4(z – 1) + 9 A graph of the solution set is

Phrase Example Inequality

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