The Muscular

System

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Learning Outcomes
1 List the functions of muscle.
2 List the three types of muscle tissue and describe the
locations and characteristics of each.
3 Explain how muscle tissue generates energy.
4 Describe the structure of a skeletal muscle.
5 Illustrate muscle structure through origin and insertion.
6 List and define the various types of body movements
produced by skeletal muscles
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Learning Outcomes (cont.)

7 List and identify the major skeletal muscles of the
body, and give the action of each.
8 Explain the differences between strain and sprain
injuries.
9 Describe the changes that occur to the muscular
system as a person ages.
10 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and
treatments of various diseases and disorders of the
muscular system.

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Introduction
 Bones and joints do  Muscles cause bones
not produce movement and supported
 The human body has structures to move by
more than 600 alternating between
individual muscles contraction and
relaxation

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Functions of Muscle
Muscle has the ability to
contract, permitting muscles
to perform various functions
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 Functions:
 Movement
 Stability
 Control of body
openings and passages
 Heat production
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Functions of Muscle: Movement

 Skeletal muscles
 Attached to bones by tendons
 Cross joints so when they contract, bones they attach to
move
 Smooth muscle
 Found on organ walls
 Contractions produce the movement of organ contents
 Cardiac muscle
 Produces atrial and ventricular contractions
 This pumps blood from the heart into the blood vessels

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Functions of Muscle: Stability

 Hold bones tightly together

 Stabilize joints

 Small muscles hold vertebrae

together
 Stabilize the spinal column

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Functions of Muscle: Control of Body

Openings and Passages

 Sphincters
 Valve-like structures formed by muscles
 Control movement of substances in and out of passages
 Example:
 A urethral sphincter prevents or allows urination

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Functions of Muscle: Heat Production

 Heat is released with muscle
contraction
 Helps the body maintain a normal
temperature
 Moving your body can make you
warmer if you are cold

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Structure of Skeletal Muscles

 Skeletal muscles
 The major components of the
muscular system

 Composition
 Connective tissue
 Skeletal muscle tissue
 Blood vessels
 Nerves

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Connective Tissues

There are three types of connective tissues used within the joints.

• Cartilage
– Cartilage forms a cushion between bones in order to
stop them rubbing
• Ligaments
– Ligaments are like very strong string that holds bones
together
• Tendons
– Tendons attach muscles to bones (or to other muscles)
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Cartilage Tendons Ligaments

Tough Attaches bone to Attaches bone to
muscle bone
Flexible Sturdy Elastic
At end of Non elastic Stabilise
bone
Cushions Size changes Made of many
depending on fibres
muscle
Anchor Strong
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Attachments and Actions of Skeletal

Muscles
 Actions depend largely on what
the muscles are attached to:
 Attachment sites
 Origin – an attachment site for a less
movable bone.
 Insertion – an attachment site for a
more movable bone.

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Attachments and Actions (cont.)

 Movement usually produced by a group of muscles

 Prime mover – muscle responsible for most of the movement
 Synergists – muscles that help the prime mover by stabilizing
joints
 Antagonist (agonist) – produces movement opposite to prime
mover
 Relaxes when prime mover contracts

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Major Skeletal Muscles

 The muscle name indicates  As you study muscles,
 Location you will find it easier to
 Size remember them if you
 Action think about what the name
 Shape describes.
OR
 Number of attachments of the
muscle

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Major Skeletal Muscles: The Head

 Sternocleidomastoid  Splenius capitis

 Pulls the head to one  Rotates the head
side  Allows it to bend to
 Pulls the head to the the side
chest  Orbicularis oris
 Frontalis  Allows the lips to
 Raises the eyebrows pucker

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Major Skeletal Muscles: The Head (cont.)

 Orbicularis oculi  Masseter and temporalis
 Allows the eyes to  Close the jaw
close
 Zygomaticus
 Pulls the corners of
the mouth up

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Major Skeletal Muscles: Pectoral Girdle

 Trapezius
 Raises the arms
 Pulls the shoulders downward

 Pectoralis minor
 Pulls the scapula downward
 Raises the ribs

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Major Skeletal Muscles: The Trunk

 Pectoralis major
 Pulls the arm across the chest
 Rotates and adducts the arms

 Latissimus dorsi
 Extends and adducts the arm and rotates
the arm inwardly

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Major Skeletal Muscles: The Trunk and

Shoulder (cont.)

 Deltoid
 Abducts and extends the arm at the
shoulder

 Subscapularis
 Rotates the arm medially

 Infraspinatus
 Rotates the arm laterally

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Major Skeletal Muscles: Forearm

 Biceps brachii
 Flexes the arm at the elbow
 Rotates the hand laterally
 Brachialis
 Flexes the arm at the elbow
 Brachioradialis
 Flexes the forearm at the elbow

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Major Skeletal Muscles: Forearm (cont.)

 Triceps brachii
 Extends the arm at the
elbow

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Major Skeletal Muscles: Respiratory

 Diaphragm
 Separates the thoracic
cavity from the abdominal
cavity
 Its contraction causes
inspiration

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Major Skeletal Muscles: Abdominal
 External and internal obliques
 Compress the abdominal wall
 Transverse abdominis
 It also compresses the abdominal
wall
26-26
 Rectus abdominis
 Flexes the vertebral column
 Compresses the abdominal
wall
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Major Skeletal Muscles: Thigh and Leg

 Gluteus maximus
 Extends the thigh

 Gluteus medius and minimus

 Abduct the thighs
 Rotate them medially

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Major Skeletal Muscles: Thigh and Leg (cont.)

 Adductor longus and magnus

 Adduct the thighs
 Rotate them laterally
 Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and
semimembranosus (Hamstring Muscle)
 Known as the hamstring group
 Flex the leg at the knee
 Extend the leg at the thigh
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Major Skeletal Muscles: Leg (cont.)

 Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis,

vastus medialis, and vastus
intermedius
 Extend the leg at the knee

 Gastrocnemius
 Flexes the foot and flexes the leg at the
knee

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 Types of Ordinary Body Movements
►Flexion
 Decreases the angle of the joint
 Brings two bones closer together
 Typical of hinge joints like knee and elbow

►Extension
 Opposite of flexion
 Increases angle between two bones
Types of Ordinary Body Movements
Types of Ordinary Body Movements

Hyperextension: results
when angle is > 180 ̊
 Types of Ordinary Body Movements

►Rotation
 Movement of a bone around
its longitudinal axis
 Common in ball-and-socket
joints
 An example is when you
move the atlas around the
axis vertebra (shake your
head “no”)
 Types of Ordinary Body Movements

►Abduction
 Movement of a limb
away from the midline

►Adduction
 Opposite of abduction
 Movement of a limb
toward the midline
 Types of Ordinary Body Movements

►Circumduction
 Combination of flexion,
extension, abduction,
and adduction
 Common in ball-and-
socket joints
 Special Movements
►Dorsiflexion
 Lifting the foot so
that the superior
surface approaches
the shin

►Plantar flexion
 Depressing the foot
(pointing the toes)
 Special Movements

►Inversion
 Turn sole of foot
medially

►Eversion
 Turn sole of foot
laterally
 Special Movements
►Supination
 Forearm rotates laterally so palm faces up (anterior)
►Pronation
 Forearm rotates medially so palm faces down (posterior)
 Special Movements
►Opposition
 Move thumb to touch the tips of other fingers on the same
hand
 Attachments and Actions:
Body Movements (cont.)

Elevation – lifting a body part; for

example, elevating the shoulders
as in a shrugging expression

Depression – lowering a body part;

for example, lowering the
shoulders
Muscle Injuries
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Muscle Strains and Sprains

 Strains – injuries due to

 Sprains – more severe injuries
over-stretched muscles that result in tears to tendons,
or tendons ligaments, and cartilage of joints

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Muscle Strains and Sprains

 RICE is recommended
treatment for either
 Rest

 Ice

 Compression

 Elevation

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Muscle Strains and Sprains (cont.)

 Prevention
 Warm up muscles
 A few minutes before an intense activity raises muscle temperature
and makes muscle more pliable
 Stretching
 Improves muscle performance and should always be done after the
warm-up or after exercising
 Cooling down or slowing down
 Before completely stopping prevents the pooling of blood in the legs
and helps remove lactic acid from muscles

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Aging and the Musculoskeletal System

 Contractions become slower and not as strong

 Dexterity and gripping ability decrease
 Mobility may decrease
 Assistive devices helpful
 Routine exercise
 Swimming
 Physical therapy

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Diseases and Disorders of the Muscular System

Disease Description
Botulism Affects the gastrointestinal tract and various muscle
groups

Fibromyalgia Fairly common condition that causes chronic pain

primarily in joints, muscles, and tendons

Muscular Dystrophy Inherited disorder characterized by muscle weakness

and a loss of muscle tissue

Myasthenia gravis Autoimmune condition in which patients experience

muscle weakness
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Diseases and Disorders of the Muscular System (cont.)

Disease Description
Rhabdomyolysis A condition in which the kidneys become damaged after
serious muscle injuries
Tendonitis Painful inflammation of a tendon and the tendon-
(lockjaw) muscle attachment to a bone

Torticollis (wryneck) Acquired or congenital; spasm or shortening of the

sternocleidomastoid muscle; head bends to affected side
and chin rotates to opposite side
Trichinosis An infection caused by parasites (worms)
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