BEHAVIORIST

PERSPECTIVE
1. What is behaviorist
perspective?
2. What is the focus on learning
behaviorist perspective?
3. How can we apply the
behaviorist perspective?
4. Have you ever wondered
how people learn and
behave?
 The theory of behaviorism
focuses on the study of
observable and measurable
behavior. TWO CATEGORIES
 It emphasizes that the behavior is Behaviorism: Pavlov,
mostly learned through
conditioning and Thorndike, Watson,
reinforcement(punishments and Skinner
rewards).

 It does not give much attention to Neo Behaviorism:

the mind, and the possibility of Tolman and Bandura
thought processes occurring in the
mind.
Behaviorism
Initially, Pavlov was measuring the
The theory that human and animal dog’s salivation in order to study
behavior can be explained in terms of digestion. This is when he stumbled
conditioning, without appeal to upon classical conditioning theory.
thoughts or feelings, and those
psychological disorders are best
treated by altering behavior patterns.

Ivan Pavlov – a Russian physiologist,

is well known for his work in
classical conditioning or stimulus
substitution. Pavlov’s most renowned
experiment involved meat, a dog,
and a bell
Pavlov also had the following
findings:
Stimulus Generalization- Once
the dog has learned to salivate at other
similar sounds.
Extinction- If you stop pairing the
bell with food, salivation will
eventually cease in response to the bell
Spontaneous Recovery-
Extinguished responses can be
recovered after an elapsed time, but
will soon extinguish again if the dog is
not presented with food.
Discrimination- The dog could
learn to discriminate between similar
bells (stimuli) and discern which bell
would result in the presentation of
food and which would not.
Higher-Order Conditioning.
Once the dog has been conditioned to
associate the bell with food, another
unconditioned stimulus, such as light
may be flashed at the same time that
the bell is rung. Eventually, the dog
will salivate at the flash of the light
without the sound of bell.
Edward L. Thorndike • Law of Exercise
Edward L. Thorndike – His -the more behavior follows a given
Connectionism Theory gave us the stimulus, the more likely it will occur
original S-R framework of
behavioral psychology • Law of Readiness
This states that, the more readiness the
learner has to response to stimulus, the
3 primary law: stronger will be the bond between
them.
• Law of Effect
-which stated that any behavior that
is followed by pleasant
consequences is likely to be
repeated, and any behavior followed
by unpleasant consequences is likely
to be stopped.
John Watson
was the first American psychologist
to work with Pavlov’s ideas. He too
was initially involved in animal
studies, then later became involved
in human behavior research.
Burrhus Frederick Skinner.
Like Pavlov, Watson and Thorndike,
Skinner believed in the stimulus-
response pattern of conditioned
behavior.
• Operant behavior
• Reinforcement
• Reinforcer
• Positive Reinforcement
• Negative Reinforcement
• Punishment
Skinner also looked into extinction or non-
reinforcement: Responses that are not
reinforced are not likely to be repeated. For
example, ignoring a student’s misbehavior
may extinguish that behavior.
Shaping of Behavior
Behavioral chaining
Reinforcement schedules
• Fixed Interval Schedules
• Variable Interval Schedules
• Fixed Ratio Schedules
• Variable Ratio Schedules
Principles Derived from
Thorndike’s Connectionism:
1. Learning requires both practice and
rewards (laws of effect/exercise).
2. A series of S-R connections can be
chained together if they belong to
the same action sequence (law of
readiness).
3. Transfer of learning occurs because
of previously encountered
situations.
4. Intelligence is a function of the
number of connections learned.
He considered that humans are born
with a few reflexes and the
emotional reactions of love and
rage. All behavior is learned
through stimulus-response
associations through conditioning.
He believed in the power of
conditioning so much that he said
that if he is given a dozen of
healthy infants he can make them
into anything you want them to be,
basically through making stimulus-
response connections through
conditioning.
Neo Behaviorism
Purposive Behaviorism
It is a school of thought that posits
Tolman believed that learning is
that the study of learning and a focus
cognitive process. Learning
on rigorous objective observational
involves forming beliefs and
methods form the key to scientific
obtaining knowledge about the
psychology. It is also the second
environment and then revealing
phase of behaviorism.
that knowledge through purposeful
and goal-directed behavior
Two theories reflecting Neo
Behaviorism stands out:
Purposive Behaviorism and Social
Learning Theory

Tolman’s Key Concept
• Learning is always purposive
and goal directed
• Cognitive maps in rats
• Latent learning
• The concept of intervening
variable
• Reinforcement not essential for
learning
Bandura’s Social Learning
Theory
Social learning theory focuses on
the learning that occurs within a
social context. It considers that
people learn from one another,
including such concepts of
observational learning.
General Principles of Social
Cognitive factors in social
Learning Theory
learning
1. People can learn by observing the
1. Learning without
behavior of others and the
outcomes of those behaviors. performance
2. Learning can occur without a 2. Cognitive processes during
change. learning
3. Cognition plays a role in learning 3. Expectation
4. Social learning theory can be 4. Reciprocal causation
considered a bridge or a
5. Modelling
transition between behaviorist
learning theories and cognitive
learning theories.
Conditions necessary
for effective
modelling:

1.Attention
2.Pretention
3.Motor reproduction
4.Motivation
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