Introductory Physics II

Chapter 29
Motional EMF
Electrical Generator

Lecture 27 – August 3
Outline of chapter 29
• Electromagnetic induction – experiments
• Magnitude of the induced emf – Faraday’s law of induction
• Direction of the induced emf or induced current – Lenz’s law
• Motional emf
• Applications
• Electrical generator
• Eddy currents
New concepts/quantities
• Electro-magnetic induction
• Faraday’s law
• Lenz’s law
 Motional emf
B is into the paper.

• Pull the square loop to the

right as shown.
• The flux must decrease in
the loop because the area
of the loop in the
magnetic field decreases.
• Hence there is an induced emf and an induced
current in the direction shown.
 Motional emf

 B  BA  BLx

d B d
E   dt   dt BLx

dx
 BL dt  BL(v)
 BLv

𝐸=𝐵𝑙𝑣 Motional emf

 Motional emf
single wire

⃗ 𝑣 ×⃗
𝐹 =𝑞 (⃗ 𝐵)

F
Δ𝑉
At equilibrium: 𝑞𝑣𝐵=𝑞𝐸=𝑞
𝐿
(E is the electric field here)

Δ 𝑉 =𝑒𝑚𝑓 = 𝐵𝐿𝑣 Motional emf

 Motional emf

You can calculate the emf in the circuit either way:

• Use the change of the flux through the closed loop (Faraday’s law)
• Motion emf induced in the mobile side.
 Induction and Energy Transfers
(going back to the loop pulled out of the field)
The emf produces an induced
current in the circuit of

E BLv
i 
R R
A wire carrying a current in a
magnetic field experiences a force
𝐹 =𝑖𝐿𝐵 (the angle is 90o)
 Induction and Energy Transfers
•The three segments of wire in the
magnetic field experience the forces
shown.
•F2 and F3 are equal and do no work
(perpendicular to the direction of
motion)
•In order to keep the loop moving at
constant speed, the hand must pull to the
right with the force F1 .
•The hand therefore does work and
supplies a power of P = F1v.
 Induction and Energy Transfers

( )
2 2
𝐵𝑙𝑣 𝐵 𝐿𝑣 (equal to force
𝐹 1=𝑖𝐿𝐵= 𝐿𝐵=
𝑅 𝑅 of the hand)
R is the electrical resistance of the loop.

The work done by the force F1 is:

2 2 2
𝐵 𝐿 𝑣
𝑊 1 =𝐹 Δ 𝑥 =𝐹𝑣 Δ𝑡= Δ𝑡
𝑅

Now remember that

𝐸2
Δ 𝑡=𝑖 𝑅 Δ 𝑡=𝐸𝑖 Δ 𝑡 These are all formulas we used to calculate the
2
𝑊1=
𝑅 electrical energy dissipated in a resistor (as heat).

The work done by the hand is converted into electrical energy and then is dissipated
as heat in the loop. Same mechanism applies to an electrical generator.
 Electrical generator
Current does not change direction

F magnetic

i B

- +
 Electrical generator
after 180o rotation

F magnetic

- +
Electrical generator
 Electrical generator
AC – current changes direction periodically

F magnetic

-
+
Electrical generator

i F magnetic

+
+
-

+ -
Electrical generator
 Eddy Currents
• When a piece of metal moves
through a magnetic field or is
located in a changing magnetic
field, eddy currents of electric
current are induced.
• The metal detectors used at
airport security checkpoints
operate by detecting eddy currents
induced in metallic objects.

Eddy Currents in Different Metals (watch the video)

 Example 29-4
An external force acts on the rod, to the left, so that the velocity is constant.

B = 1.20 T out of the page

L = 10.0 cm 
v = 5.0 m/s
R = 0.40  
Induced field

a, b) Magnitude and direction of E in rod?

c, d) Magnitude and direction of current in the loop?
e) Rate of generation of thermal energy in rod?
f) External force on rod to maintain its motion?
g) Rate of work of external force?
 29-4
a)
E = vBL

E = (5.0)(1.2)(0.1) = 0.600 V 
Induced field

b)
Point thumb into the page along B induced.
Use the RHR - the current is clockwise, and E is upwards in the rod.
 29-4

Alternatively, the force on a charge in the wire is

given by⃗
𝐹 =𝑞 (⃗ 𝑣 ×⃗𝐵)
which is upwards along the
rod. Hence the emf is upward.
 29-4

c)
E
i   1.5
0.6
R A
0.4
d)
The current will generate a magnetic
field that opposes
e) Thermal power in the rod is
P  i2 R  1.52  0.4  0.900 W
 29-4

f)
F  iLB  1.5 0.11.2  0.180 N

• F is the force on the rod due to the field and is to the right.
• In order for the motion to be maintained, the net force must be 0.
• The external force must be 0.180 N to the left.
 29-4

g)

Rate of work of external force = P = Fv

P  Fv  0.180 5.0  0.900 W
This is identical to the thermal power
dissipation as expected.