Introductory Physics II

Chapter 29- part 2

Which way is the induced current going? – Lenz’s law
Motional EMF

Lecture 19 – March 28
Outline of chapter 29
• Electromagnetic induction – experiments
• Magnitude of the induced emf – Faraday’s law of induction
• Direction of the induced emf or induced current – Lenz’s law
• Motional emf
• Applications
• Electrical generator

New concepts/quantities
• Electro-magnetic induction
• Faraday’s law
• Lenz’s law
 Lenz’s Law
The direction of the induced emf is such that the field due to
the induced current opposes the change in the magnetic flux
which produced it.

The magnetic field produced by the induced current in the coil

opposes the motion of the magnet into the coil which is producing
the induced current and thus tries to decrease the flux in the coil.
 Lenz’s Law

Example of using Lenz rule:

1. The field of the magnet is pointing to the left when it enters the loop
2. The magnetic field through the loop increases as the magnet gets closer.
3. The induced field then should have opposite direction so that the total field
through the loop is reduced.
4. The induced field points to the right
5. Right hand rule gives the direction of the current through the loop.
 Lenz’s Law

And a shortcut:
1. The magnet approaches the loop.
2. The induced field will repel the magnet (another way to think about “opposing”)
3. The magnetic field of the loop should have a north pole towards the magnet.
4. Use Right-hand-rule to find the current. (magnetic field exits through the north
pole)
 Lenz’s Law
Another example

Figure (a): B and the flux are increasing

The induced emf produces a current which will produce a B in the opposite
direction, so as to try and maintain B and FB constant.

Figure (b): B and the flux are decreasing.

The induced emf produces a current which will produce a B in the same
direction, so as to try and maintain B and B constant.
 Lenz’s Law

Similar arguments apply to (c) and (d).

 Example 29-1
revisited

Magnetic fl ux increases as
B = 6.0 t2 + 7.0 t with
B in mWb and t in s.

a) Magnitude of emf when t = 2.0 s?

b) Direction of induced i through R?
 29-1
•Magnetic flux increases .
•Induced field goes into the page. i

•RHR – thumb into the page

•Current is from right to left through R.


Induced field
 Example 29-2 (B changes)
• The solenoid has 220 turns/cm and a diameter of 3.2 cm.
• The current drops from 1.5 A to 0 in 25 ms.
• The coil has 120 turns, a radius of 1.8 cm, and a resistance
of 5.3 .

What is the current induced in the coil?

 29-2
• Remember that B is 0 outside of the solenoid.
•  B  BS AS
• where AS is the cross-sectional area of the solenoid.
• BS  0ni
 29-2
𝑑( 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖𝐴)
𝐸=− 𝑁
𝑑𝑡

𝑑 (𝑖)
𝐸=− 𝑁 𝜇0 𝑛 𝐴𝑆
𝑑𝑡

 
E  120(4 107 )(220 100)( 0.0162 ) 251.5 3 

E = 0.160
10
V E 0.160
I   0.0302 A  30.2 mA
R 5.3
 Example 29-3 (θ changes)

Rectangular coil, N turns, rotated at frequency f.

f = 60.0 rev/s, B = 0.5 T

a)Find E in coil as a function of time.

b) Find the value of N ab so that Emax = 150 V

 29-3

𝜃=𝜔 𝑡

𝑑(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃) d𝜃
𝐸=− 𝑁𝐵𝐴 =+ 𝑁𝐵𝐴 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝐸=𝑁𝐵𝐴 𝜔 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔 𝑡 )
 29-3

𝐸=𝑁𝐵𝐴 𝜔 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔 𝑡 )
  t  2ft
𝐸=𝑁𝐵𝑎𝑏2 𝜋 𝑓 ( sin ⁡(2 𝜋 𝑓𝑡) )
 29-3

E0  NBab2f

150  N (0.50)ab2 (60)

150
Nab  60  0.796

E.g. N = 200 turns, a = 2.5 cm, b = 15.92 cm
 Motional emf
B is into the paper.

• Pull the square loop to the

right as shown.
• The flux must decrease in
the loop because the area
of the loop in the
magnetic field decreases.
• Hence there is an induced emf and an induced
current in the direction shown.
 Motional emf

 B  BA  BLx

d B d
E   dt   dt BLx

dx
 BL dt  BL(v)
 BLv

𝐸=𝐵𝑙𝑣 Motional emf

 Motional emf
single wire

⃗ 𝑣 ×⃗
𝐹 =𝑞 (⃗ 𝐵)

F
Δ𝑉
At equilibrium: 𝑞𝑣𝐵=𝑞𝐸=𝑞
𝐿
(E is the electric field here)

Δ 𝑉 =𝑒𝑚𝑓 = 𝐵𝐿𝑣 Motional emf

 Motional emf

You can calculate the emf in the circuit either way:

• Use the change of the flux through the closed loop (Faraday’s law)
• Motion emf induced in the mobile side.
 Example 29-4
An external force acts on the rod, to the left, so that the velocity is constant.

B = 1.20 T out of the page

L = 10.0 cm 
v = 5.0 m/s
R = 0.40  
Induced field

a, b) Magnitude and direction of E in rod?

c, d) Magnitude and direction of current in the loop?
e) Rate of generation of thermal energy in rod?
f) External force on rod to maintain its motion?
g) Rate of work of external force?
 29-4
a)
E = vBL

E = (5.0)(1.2)(0.1) = 0.600 V 
Induced field

b)
Point thumb into the page along B induced.
Use the RHR - the current is clockwise, and E is upwards in the rod.
 29-4

Alternatively, the force on a charge in the wire is

given by⃗
𝐹 =𝑞 (⃗ 𝑣 ×⃗𝐵)
which is upwards along the
rod. Hence the emf is upward.
 29-4

c)
E
i   1.5 A
0.6
R
0.4
d)
The current will generate a magnetic
field that opposes
e) Thermal power in the rod is
P  i2 R  1.52  0.4  0.900 W
 29-4

f)
F  iLB  1.5 0.11.2  0.180 N

• F is the force on the rod due to the field and is to the right.
• In order for the motion to be maintained, the net force must be 0.
• The external force must be 0.180 N to the left.
 29-4

g)

Rate of work of external force = P = Fv

P  Fv  0.180 5.0  0.900 W
This is identical to the thermal power
dissipation as expected.