Light Scattering and

Photon Correlation Spectroscopy

(Dynamic Light Scattering)

November 25, 2008

 Nice Picture
(Mie Scattering?)
 Ki


K or q
Kf
Scattering Amplitude

F   n ( r )e  ik r
dV
 Light Scattering from
“small” particles

r<< Rayleigh scattering

r  Mie Scattering

Light: nm
Rayleigh scattering for r nm
 Rayleigh Scattering

2
4 6  n 1 
2
16 r  2 
Is  n  2  (1  cos 2  )

I0 4 d 2

2 2
4 6  n 1  4 6  n 1 
2 2
16 r  2  16 r  2 
Is  n  2  Is  n  2  (cos 2  )
 
I0 4 d 2 I0 4 d 2
Perpendicular polarization Parallel polarization
Angular distribution
Rayleigh Scattering
Rayleigh Scattering

r=0.01 m
=0o
L=633 nm
D=20nm
L=633 nm
D=600 nm
 Mie Scattering

Wavelength: 633nm,
Real refractive index:1.59
Imaginary refractive index: 0.001
The red hues of the sky at sunset and
sunrise are caused by Mie Scattering,
not Rayleigh Scattering. The colours of
the sky throughout the day and at
sunrise and sunset, are explained by
the phenomena of both Rayleigh
Scattering and Mie Scattering. The
colour of the sky described by
Rayleigh Scattering applies to the hues
of blue, violet and green, not to the
reds, oranges, peaches and purples of
sunrise and sunset. Rayleigh Scattering
is scattering of shorter wavelength
light (e.g. blue & violet) by air atoms
and molecules (not statistical variations
in density of the Earth's atmosphere).
The magnitude or strength of Rayleigh
Scattering varies by the reciprocal of
the wavelength raised to the fourth
power, and hence does not explain the
beautiful variations of reds, purples,
oranges and peachy colours. The latter
colours arise from Mie Scattering, low
angle scattering of light off dust, soot,
smoke and (ash) particles. Mie
Scattering (producing the colours of
sunset and sunrise) is beautifully
recognizable down-wind of and after
dust storms, forest fires and volcanic
eruptions that inject large quantities of
fine particulate matter into the
atmosphere.
(Ref Wikipedia)
Angular distribution
Bimodal Distribution
Dynamic Light Scattering
Scattering Vector and Scattering Angle

Ki

 q  2k sin( / 2)
q
Kf
2 2
k 
 nair

4
q sin( / 2)
nair
 Autocorrelation

G ( )  I (t )  I (t   )

G ( )  A  Be  t
Typical correlation curves
(experimental)
1.05
Sample: 18% CC
Auto-correlation - rescaled
o
1.04 36 C
o
43.2 C

1.03 72.7 ms

1.02

1.01
30.6 ms
1.00

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Time [ms]
 Measuring Particle Size in
Suspension

  Dq 2

k BT k BT
D  Einstein’s relation
 6r

k BT k BTq 2
r  Hydrodynamic Radius of
6D 6 the Particle
 Results

100
Sample: 18%CC
90
80
70
Decay Time [ms]

60
50
40
30
20
10
24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44
o
Temperature [ C]

Figure 4.16.Temperature variation of the relaxation time. 18% CC sample

X-ray Diffraction
Scattering from Periodic
Structures

F   n ( r )e  ik r
dV
Röntgen Max von Laue

x-ray diffraction from a single crystal YALO3 sample

(yttrium aluminum perovskite)
Bragg, William Henry & William Lawrence
Bragg’s Model

2d sin( )  n
 X-ray Diffraction
Techniques

“White” x-rays, fixed sample:

Laue Method

Monochromatic x-rays, rotating sample:

Rotating Crystal Method
Powder Method

2d sin( )  n
X-ray diffraction pattern for a single alum crystal.
Image by Dr H. J. Milledge, Department of Geology, University
College, London
Rosalind Franklin's x-ray diffraction image of DNA.
Powder Techniques
Powder Techniques
THE END