A SEMINAR REPORT ON VACCINE

DEVELOPMENT

BY
GANIYU BOLATITO HAMEENAT
20/57MB/01423
SUPERVISOR- DR W. T. ABORISHADE
OUTLINE
• Vaccines
• Vaccines Technologies
• Emerging Technology in Vaccine Design
• CONCLUSION
• RECOMMENDATION
• REFERENCE

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Vaccines

• A vaccine is a mixture of chemical agents that stimulates one’s immune system to

produce antibodies. It functions in a way that is similar to the body’s exposure to the

disease, without actually getting the disease (CDC, 2018).

• Vaccines are available for travelers to protect them from adenovirus, anthrax, cholera,

Japanese encephalitis (JE), rabies, smallpox, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, and yellow

fever (CDC, 2022).

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Vaccine Technologies

1. Live Attenuated Vaccines

• Live attenuated vaccines use a small, weakened piece of the virus and injects it with a

person. This is meant to essentially expose one’s immune system to the virus. The

interaction between the virus and immune system creates a long-lasting protection

against a particular virus (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2019).

• For live attenuated vaccines, the live viruses are weakened as part of the manufacturing

process (e.g., nasal spray flu vaccine containing live attenuated influenza virus) (WHO,

2022).

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Vaccine Technologies

2. Inactivated (Killed) Vaccine

• Inactivated or killed vaccines contain microorganisms which have been chemically or

physically killed. As the microorganisms are killed or inactivated, they cannot cause any

disease but instead only promote an immune response (U.S. Department of Health and

Human Services, 2019).

• For inactivated vaccines, the viruses are then inactivated (i.e., killed) followed by

purification of virus antigen (e.g., influenza vaccine flu shots).

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Vaccine Technologies

3. Subunit Vaccines (Purified Antigen)

• Subunit vaccines, also known as acellular vaccines, are similar to inactivated whole-cell
vaccines, however, instead of the whole cell it contains a specific antigenic part of the
pathogen, fragments of protein and/or polysaccharide that generates a strong immune
response in the recipient (Gavi and the Vaccine Alliance, 2020).

• For example, acellular pertussis (aP) vaccine is a protein-based subunit vaccine that
contains the inactivated pertussis toxin from the Bordetella pertussis bacteria (CDC,
2021).

• Another example of a subunit vaccine is Hepatitis B vaccine that contains the hepatitis
B surface antigen (HBsAg) protein produced by the hepatitis B virus (CDC, 2021).

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Vaccine Technologies

4. Viral Vector Vaccines

• In some vaccine development approaches, a modified form of a virus is used to deliver

critical genetic instructions to the cell which in turn generate the expected immune

response in the body. Such carrier virus is different from the virus that is being targeted

to generate the protection for and is called a vector virus (CDC, 2021).

• Examples of such vector viruses include adenoviruses, poxviruses, adeno-associated

virus, alphavirus, herpesvirus, measles virus, vesicular stomatitis virus to name a few

(CDC, 2021).

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Emerging Technology in Vaccine Design

1. Reverse Vaccinology

• Reverse vaccinology is the process of identifying genes encoding proteins with

attributes that are good for being used as vaccine targets, such as proteins that are
surface-exposed, secreted and highly conserved in strains, by screening the entire
genome of the pathogen (Zuber et al., 2021).

• Reverse vaccinology eliminates the need for abundance, immunogenicity and the ability
to be cultivated in the laboratory. In addition, non-protein antigens cannot be identified
by this method (Zuber et al., 2021).

• This approach has been successfully used in producing the meningitis B vaccine
Bexsero (Masignani et al., 2019).

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Emerging Technology in Vaccine Design

2. Structural Vaccinology

• Structural vaccinology is the combination of structural biology and a genome-based

approach. It is used for the design of vaccines based on the ideas obtained from

determining the structure of antigen or antigen-antibodies complexes and redesigning

this structure by reverse molecular engineering (Anasir and Poh, 2019).

• MecVax is another vaccine candidate engineered using a structural-based multiepitope

fusion antigen vaccinology approach. It is injectable with the potential for use against

diarrhoea due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) (Seo et al., 2021).

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Emerging Technology in Vaccine Design

3. Bioconjugates/Glycoconjugates

• Carbohydrates are a major component of bacterial cells and hence play important roles
in diverse biological activities such as inflammation, cellular adhesion, molecular
recognition, catalysis, pathogenic infections and signal transduction events (Dixon et
al., 2021).

• An excellent bioconjugate vaccine was engineered against hypervirulent Klebsiella

pneumonia. The vaccine was produced in glycoengineered Escherichia coli cells and
used against the two major Klebsiella pneumonia serotypes (K1 and K2) (Feldman et
al., 2019).

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 CONCLUSION
• The use of vaccines to prevent infectious diseases represents a tremendous accomplishment of

biomedical science despite the immune system’s complexity.

• However, to successfully win the fight against antimicrobial resistance (AMR), developing

effective vaccines to reduce and mitigate the spread of bacterial diseases, especially those of urgent

priority, must remain a focus of industries and government; this requires multidisciplinary,

multinational and collective regional efforts.

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RECOMMENDATION
• There is a need for more effective vaccines with wider coverage and to develop

vaccines for future use against bacterial pathogens. Vaccination can help to

reduce both the appropriate and inappropriate use of antibiotics. It could also

help to save costs and play a crucial role in health improvement by reducing

disease burden.

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REFERENCES
• Anasir, M.I. and Poh, C.L. (2019). Structural vaccinology for viral vaccine design. Frontier Microbiology 10:73-88.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2020). Vaccines during Pregnancy FAQs.
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/vaccines-during-pregnancy.html
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2021). History of Smallpox.
https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html#:~:text=Smallpox%20was%20a %20terrible%20disease.,causes%20smallpox
%20(variola%20virus)
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2021). Hepatitis B Vaccine Information Statement.
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/hep-b.html
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2022). Need Travel Vaccines? Plan Ahead. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/travel-
vaccines
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2022). ACIP Contraindications Guidelines for Immunization.
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/acip-recs/general-recs/contraindications.html
• Dixon, C.F., Nottingham, A.N., Lozano, A.F., Sizemore, J.A., Russell, L.A. and Valiton, C. (2021). Synthesis and evaluation of
porphyrin glycoconjugates varying in linker length: preliminary effects on the photodynamic inactivation of Mycobacterium
smegmatis. RSC Advance 11:7037–7042
• Seo, H., Garcia, C., Ruan, X., Duan, Q., Sack, D.A. and Zhang, W. (2021). Preclinical characterization of immunogenicity and
efficacy against diarrhea from MecVax, a multivalent enterotoxigenic E. coli vaccine candidate. Infectious Immunology 89(7):106-
121
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2019) Vaccine Types. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
https://www.niaid.nih.gov/research/vaccine-types
• Zuber, P.L., Gruber, M., Kaslow, D.C., Chen, R.T., Giersing, B.K. and Friede, M.H. (2021). Evolving pharmacovigilance
requirements with novel vaccines and vaccine components. BMJ Global Health. 6(2):34-43

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THANK YOU

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