IN THE NAME OF ALLAH THE

MOST BENEFICENT AND MOST

MERCIFUL
Preparation of standard solutions
and Reagents for Laboratory
Examination

Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources

Ministry of Science & Technology
Standard Solution
 The known concentration of a solution is
called standard.
 The concentration of a sample is
compared with a known solution, this
known solution is called standard
solution.
Reagents
The chemicals/solutions which helps in
analysis is called reagent.
Importance of Standard
Solution
All instruments are calibrated with
standard solutions. Accuracy of
analysis depends upon correct
standard.
Apparatus
 Balance 4 digits
 Oven Temperature range (0-300o)
 Desiccators
 Gloves
 Face Mask
 Glaze Paper
 Reagents bottle
 Flask
 Auto pipette
 Distilled Water
Chemicals
Chemicals are available of different
grades in the market. Select the
chemical as your requirement.
Analytical Grade
These chemicals are of high purity and
gives the results very accurately.
Extra Pure

The quality of these chemicals are

comparatively low. But acceptable
for some analysis.
Commercial Grade
These chemicals are of poor quality and
not recommended for analytical and
research purposes.
Precautions for weighing
 Balance must be placed on the smooth,
stable and level place.
 Select un-noisy area for balance.
 Switch off the fan before the weighing.
 Bring the bubble in the middle of the ring.
 Give the warming time as recommended in
manual.
 Now calibrate the balance.
Types of standards according to
units

Molor solution
a solution in which one mole of
solute has been dissolved in 1 liter.
NaCl=M.wt=23+35.46=58.46g/L
Normal solution
gram equivalent Wt. of solute has
been dissolved in 1 liter.
Eq.Wt. of Na2CO3=106/2=53g/L
PPM Solutions
Milli gram of weight of solute has
been dissolved in 1 liter.
Wt. = F.Wt x ppm/atomic Wt. x 1000
= g/L
Prepare 100ppm K solution from KCl

Wt. = 74.56 x 100/39.1 x 1000

= 0.1906 g/L
Dilutions
Prepare 5ppm K from 100ppm K
S 1V 1 = S 2V 2
100XV1 = 5X100
V1 = 5ml
S1= Strength of stock solution (ppm)
V1= Volume of stock solution (ml)
S2= Strength of required solution (ppm)
V2= Volume of required solution (ml)
Standardization of Acid
1. Prepare HCl of 0.1M from 12M HCl
S 1V 1 = S 2V 2
12V1 = 0.1x1000
V1 = 0.1x1000/12= 8.3ml
8.3ml pour in 1000ml volumetric
flask and make up to mark
2. Prepare Na2 CO3 0.05N
Eq.Wt of Na2 CO3 = 106/2 = 53g/L
1N fo Na2 CO3 = 53g/L
0.05N of Na2 CO3 = 53x0.05/1
= 2.65g/L
Add 2.65g of Na2 CO3 in 1000ml flask
and make up to mark
3. Take 100ml Na2 CO3 of 0.05N in a
beaker and add few drops of
phenolphthalein indicator. Titrate
against the acid until colour
disappears. Note volume of acid
strength of Acid =volume of Na2 CO3
x N of Na2 CO3 /used volume of acid
 HCl H2SO4 HNO3

Specific gravity 1.174-1.189 1.834-1.836 1.409-1.418

Percentage of 36- 37 96- 98 69- 70

active in conc.

reagent

Normality 11- 12 36 16- 16

Percentage composition
 Volume-Volume relationship (v/v%) 5%
v/v solution means 5ml solute in 95ml
solvent
 Weight-Volume relationship (w/v%) 5%
w/v solution means 5g of solute dissolved in
100ml of solution
 Volume- Weight relationship (v/w%) 5ml
of solute dissolved in 100g wt. of solution
 Weight-Weight relationship (w/w)

5% w/w means 5g of solute in 95 g of

solvent
 QUALITY OF DEIONIZED WATER

 The deionized water which is used to

prepare the standards should be highly
purified and free from total dissolved solids,
gases and microbes. The deionized water,
having these properties is called reagent-
grade water.
 The fresh reagent-grade
water contains electric conductivity 0.055
uS and it also indicates the water
deionization unit working properly. The EC
should not exceed than 1uS using in
preparation of standards.
Water Deionization Unit


The systems are available that combine
prefilteration, mixed bed resins activated carbon and
final filtration cartridges to produce a reagent grade
water. The life of system can be extended if the intake
water is distilled or treated by reverse osmosis. To
maintain the quality of deionized water, change the
activated carbon and resin after the expiry as
recommended according to manufacturer’s instructions.

 Quality of Deionized Water.

 If RO is attached with
systems, proper maintenance and cleaning is necessary.
It removes about 90% salts. Check the percentage of
removing salts of R O membrane periodically. Change
the membrane in case of malfunctioning.
 Precautions
 1-Deionized water may contain ammonia
and carbon dioxide. On storage additional
ammonia and carbon dioxide are absorbed
from the air. Do not store deionized water
for long time.
 2-To avoid the contamination; use the
water container of good quality and capped
tightly
 CLORINE DEMAND

Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources

Ministry of Science & Technology

MUHAMMAD ASGHAR
 DEFINATION
Chlorine Demand is the difference
between the amount of chlorine added
to water and the amount of residual
chlorine remaining after a given contact
time. Chlorine demand may change with
dosage, time , temperature, pH and
amount of the impurities in the water.
Chlorine Demand = Chlorine Applied-
Residual after contact time
 APPARATUS
1- Chlorine Meter
2- Volumetric Flask
3- Reagent Bottles
4- Pipette
5- Gloves
STANDARD SOLUTION OF
CHLORINE 100 PPM
Prepare standard solution of chlorine
of 100mg/l from sodium hypochlorite
in 1000 ml of volume
Percentage of chlorine in sodium hypochlorite = 64

Weight = 100/64xppm
= 100/64x100
= 156.2 mg
= 0.1562 gram
0.1562g of sodium hypochlorite dissolved in 1 lit.
distilled water
PROCEDURE
Prepare the series of samples
increase dosage between portion in increment of
1mg/L for determining higher demand. A suitable
conc. of chlorine demand usually added 1,2,3
and 4mg/L in separate bottles.

Take 10, 20,30 and 40 ml of

standard chlorine of 100 ppm and make up to
volume 1000 ml, tight the lid and shake well.
Give 30 minutes contact time. Protect from light
throughout the procedure.
CALCULATION
Select sample portion with a residual at the
end of contact time the following
criteria.
Residual after contact time should be
greater than minimum residual
measurable by method

Chlorine demand mg/L=Dose,mg/L-

residual after contact time.
CALCULATION OF CHLORINE FOR
WATER TANK
 Length of water tank = 3 M
 Width of water tank = 2 M
 Depth of water tank = 1 M
 Volume of water tank = 3*2*1=6Cubic
meter =
 6*1000=6000 Litre
 Weight of sodium hypchlorite=Chlorine
Demand mg per litre+0.5 (volume in
litres)=Total mg=Total mg/1000=Grams
 ActualWeight=Grams*100/Purity

 GOOD BYE

FROM!
MR.MUHAMMAD ASGHAR