ASIAN REGIONALISM

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• To determine the significance of Asian

Regionalism.
• To analyze the different sectors of Asian
Regionalism.
• To determine how regionalism influence Asian.
ASIAN REGIONALISM
• Asian regionalism is the product of economic interaction not
political planning.
• As a result of successful, outward oriented growth
strategies.Asian economies have grown not only richer,but also
closer together.
• Asian regionalism could bring huge benefits not just to Asia
but to the world.
• It could help sustain the region’s growth, underpin its stability
and with the right policies reduce inequality.
HOW DOES REGIONALISM
BENEFIT ASIAN?
• Asian regionalism could bring huge benefits
not just to Asian,but to the world.
• It could help sustain the region’s
growth,under its stability, and with the right
policies reduce inequality.
ASIAN REGIONALISM: CONTEXT&SCOPE

• In the early stages of Asia’s economic takeoff regional integration proceeded slowly.
• East Asia economies in particularly focused on exporting to develop country markets rather
than selling to each other.Initially,they specialized in simple,laborintensive manufactures.
• Emerging Asian economies that had opened up their financial ,the republic of
Korea ,Malaysia,the Philiippines and Thailand were worst hit but nearly at Asian economies
were eventually affected.
• Asian emerged with a greater appreciation of its shared interest and the value of regional
cooperation. Since the crisis, Asia has become not only more integrated but also more
willing to pull together.
GROWTH AND INTEGRATION
• Asian regionalism is emerging against the backfrop of a remarkable half century of
economic development.In the four decades from 11956-1996 east Asian living
standards as measured by real output per person at a rate faster than has ever been
sustained anywhere else.
• Over those four decades living standards in the 15 integrating Asia economies
analyzed in the study grew At an average of 5.0% a year,while the world as a whole
averaged only 1.9%.
• These extraordinary result were achieved by economies that differed widely in size:
incomes endowments of natural, human and capital resources, specialization
patterns, political organization language, culture and history.
FLYING IN SEQUENCE
• Comparison in global markets is at the heart of what is now understood
as the East Asian development model (Kuznets 1988).
• When the model emerged in the 1950s, its focus on exports was
new:the prevating “big push”development strategy favored
large,coordinated investments in a bid to achieve economies of
scale,usually in import completing industries.
• East Asian development instead relied on the religio’s abundant asset of
relatively well educated, low wage labor and in time leveraged it with
sample savings and investment.
THE CRISIS AND ITS LEGACY
• Even with hindsight though, the events of 1997/98 seem improbable.The crisis
struck some of the world’s most successful economies and in short,brought down
governments, the seemingly well established terms and institutions and imposed
severe hardship on hundreds of millions of people.
• It proved to be short and economic activity rebounded quickly.The crisis also had
silver lining. It simulated difficulty policy and innstituttional reforms to remedy the
structural weaknesses in east Asian economies that it had exposed.
• It also highlighted Asian’s growing interdependence weaknesses in the global
financial system and thus the benefits of Asian cooperation.
RENAISSANCE
• Since the crisis Asia has as he world’s most dynamic region experiencing what a new world
bank study has called the East Asian Renaissance (Gill and Kharas 2007).
• But the pattern of Asian renaissance has changed.The People’s Republic of Chine(PRC)
India, and Vietnam are now the region’s and the world’s growing economies.
• Because PRC and India are also the world’s most populars countries their rise dramatically
changes the regional and global landscapes.
• Growth in the directly affected economies of the association of southeast Asian nations
(ASEAN),through disappointing compared to earlier ,,is also gradually strengthening.
ASIAN REGIONALISM IN THE WORLD ECONOMY

• Asian’s extraordinary success has brought new challenges

while rapid economic growth remains a priority citizens
demand that it also be sustainable and more inclusive.
• Asian is now so important to the world economy that it must
also play a larger role in global economic leadership.
• Regional economic cooperation is essential for addressing
these challenges.
 REGIONAL ECONOMIC
COOPERATION
• Regional economic cooperation is an important means
for creating new trade, investment and employment
opportunities, enhancing economic security and
addressing broader socioeconomic and environmental
issues.
• Yet significant challenges continue to hinder greater
cooperation and integration.
 ECONOMIC COOPERATION
ORGANIZATION (ECO)
• The Economic Cooperation Organization or ECO is an
Asian political and economic intergovernmental
organization which was founded in 1965 in Tehran by
the leaders of Iran, Pakistan and Turkey.
• It provides a platforms to discuss ways to improve
development and promote trade and investment
opportunities.
GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM

• The modern world-system is now a global

economy with a global political system(the
modern interstate system).
• It also includes all the cultural aspects and
interaction networks of the human population of
the Earth.
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
• Global governance is necessary because humanity increasingly
faces both problems and opportunities that are global in scale.
• Today, transnational problems such as a violence and
pandemics routinely reach across borders affecting us all
• The most important challenge for humanity to overcome is that
of existential risks.
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE PERSPECTIVE
• The Global Governance Perspective seeks to examine gaps in
the international system for managing complex issues and to
engage stakeholders on practical steps for collective problem-
solving.
• It pays particular attention to informing successful multilateral
negotiations on creating or reforming global institutions and to
engaging more effectively new transactional actors from the
private sector and civil society.
REGIONALISM [POLITICS]
• In politics, regionalism is a political ideology focusing on the
“development of a political or social system based on one or
more” regions another the national, normative or economic
interests of a specific regions, group of regions or another
subnational entity, gaining strength from or aiming to
strengthen the “consciousness of and loyalty to a distinct
region with a homogeneous population.”
 3 DISTINCT ELEMENTS OF
REGIONALISM [POLITICS]
1. ”movements demanding territorial autonomy with
unitary states.
2. The organization of the central state on a regional basis
for the delivery of its policies including regional
development policies.
3. Political decentralization and regional autonomy.”
 DELINEATION OF REGION

1.Administrative divisions
2.Culture
3.Language
4.Religion among others
 ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION
• Administrative divisions are granted a certain degree of autonomy and are usually required
to manage themselves through their own local goverments.
• Countries are divided up into these smaller units to make managing their land and the affairs
of their people easier.A country may be divided into provinces, which in turn may be divided
in whole or in part into municipalities.
• Administrative divisions are conceptually separate from dependent territories with the
former being an integral part of the state and the other being only under some lesser form of
control.
• An administrative divisions unit, entity area or region Asia referred to as a subnational entity
constituent unit or country subdivision is a portion of a country or another region delineated
for the purpose of administration.
 CULTURAL AREA
• In anthropology and geography a cultural region cultural sphere cultural area or
culture area refers to a geography with one relatively homogenous human activity or
complex of activities(culture).
• Specific culture often do not limit their geographic coverage to the borders of a
nation state or to small subdivisions of a state.
• Cultural “spheres of influence” may also overlap or form concentric structures of
microcultures encompassing smaller local cultures.
• Different boundaries may also be drawn depending on the particular aspect of
interest such as religion and Folklore vs. Dress and Architecture vs. Language.
 LANGUAGE
• A regional language is a language spoken in an area of a sovereign state,
whether it be a small area a federated state or province or some wider
area.
• Internationally for the purposes of the European charter for regional or
minority languages “regional or minority languages” means languages
that are:
1.Traditionaly used within a given territory of a state by nations of that
state who from a group numerically smaller than rest of state’s population
and;
2.Different from the official language of the state.
 INFLUENCE OF NUMBER OF SPEAKERS

• There are many cases when a regional language can claim greater
numbers of speakers than certain languages which happen to be official
languages of sovereign states.
• For Example; Catalan(a regional language of Spain, Italy and France,the
national language of Andorra) has more speakers than Finnish or
Danish.
• Dialects of the min dialect group have over 70 million speakers,mainly
in the southeast Asian countries of Malaysia and Singapore.
 RELATIONSHIP WITH OFFICIAL
LANGUAGES
• Regional language may be closely related to the state’s main
language or official language.
FOR EXAMPLE;
 The Frisian language spoken in the Netherlands and
Germany,which belong to the Germanic Family.
 The Gutnish language, a regional language spoken in Gotland
and related to the Swedish language.
 OFFICIAL LANGUAGES AS
REGIONALISM LANGUAGES
• An official language of a country may also the spoken as a regional
language in a region of a neighboring country.
• FOR EXAMPLE;
 Afrikaans an official language of South Africa is a regional language of
Namibia.
 Cantonese one of the official standards varieties in Hong Kong and
Macau (both special administrative regions of the people’s republic of
China) is used as a regional language of the province of Guangdong
people’s republic of China.
 OFFICIAL LANGUAGE
• An official language also called state language is a language given a
special legal status in a particular country, state, or other jurisdiction.
• Typically a country’s official language refers to the language used in
government(judiciary,legislature,administration).
• The term “official language” does not typically refer to the language
used by a people or country,but by its government as “the means of
expression of a people cannot be changed by any law.
 DELINEATION OF REGION
RELIGION
• Religion and geography is the study of the impact of geography ,place and space on
religious belief.
• Another aspect of the relationship between religion and geography is religious geography, in
which geographical ideas are influenced by religion, such as early map-making and the
biblical geography that developed in the 16 th century to identify places from the bible.
• Thus geographers are less concerned about religion but are more sensitive to how religion as
a cultural feature affects social, cultural, political and environmental system.
• Particularly in multicultural settings the contestation for legitimacy public approval and
negotiations for use of particular spaces are at the heart of determining how communities
understand internalize and struggle to complete for the right to practice their religious
traditions in public spaces.
 REGIONALISM [POLITICS]
• Regionalist aim at increasing the political power and influence
available to all or some residents of a region. Their demands
occur in “strong” forms such as sovereignty separatism
secession and independence as well as more moderate
campaigns for greater autonomy (such as states rights
decentralization or devolution).
• Strictly regionalists favour confederations over unitary nation
states with strong central government. They may, however
embrace intermediate forms of federalism.
 POLITICAL POWER
(SOCIAL&POLITICAL)
• In social science and politics,power is the capacity of an individual to influence the
conduct(behaviour) of others.The term “AUTHORITY” is often used for power that
is perceived as legitimate by the social structure.
• This sort of primitive exercise of power is historically endemic to humans; however
as social beings the same concept is seen as good and as something inherited or
given for exercising humanistic objectives that will help, move, and empower others
as well.
• In business, the ethical instrumentality of power is achievement and as such it is a
zero-sum game,(expressed as being “upward” or “downward”).
 SOVEREIGNTY
• The current nation of state sovereignty contains four aspects consisting of territory
population authority and recognition. According to Stephen D. Krasner the term
could also be understood in four different ways:
1. DOMESTIC SOVEREIGNTY- actual control over a state exercised by an
authority organized within this state.
2. INTEDEPENDENCE SOVEREIGNTY- actual control of movement across
states borders assuming the borders exist.
3. INTERNATIONAL LEGAL SOVEREIGNTY- formal recognition by other
sovereign states.
4. WESTPHALIAN SOVEREIGNTY- lack of other authority over state other than
the domestic authority (example of such other authorities could be a non domestic
church, a non-domestic political organization or any other external agent).
• According to IMMANUEL WALLERSTEIN, another
fundamental feature of sovereignty is that it is a claim that must
be recognized by others if it is to have any meaning.
• “SOVEREIGNTY is more than anything else a matter of
legitimacy requires reciprocal recognition. Sovereignty is a
hypothetical trade, in which two potentially conflicting sides,
respecting defacto realities of power, exchange such
recognitions as their least costly strategy.
 SOVEREIGNTY HISTORY
CLASSIC
The Roman jurist Ulpian observed that;
 The people transferred all their imperium and power to the
emperor.The emperor is not bound by the laws.
 A decision by the emperor has the force of law.
 Ulpian was expressing thee idea that the emperor exercised
rather absolute form of sovereignty that originated in the people
although he did not use the term expressly.
 SEPARATISM
• Separatism is a advocacy of a state of cultural, ethic, tribal,
religious, racial, governmental or gender separation from the
larger group. While it often refers to full political secession,
separatist groups may seek nothing more than greater
autonomy.
• While some equate separatism with religious segregation ,racist
segregation or sexist segregation, most separatists argue the
separation by choice may serve useful purposes and is not the
same as government-enforced segregation.
 RACIAL SEPARATISM
BLACK SEPARATISM
• They support efforts like “all-black” schools and
dorms and question the efficacy and merit of
government –enforced integration in 2008
statements by Barack Obama’s former pastor
Jeremiah Wright Jr., revived the issue of the
current relevance of Black Separatism.
 SEPARATISM
MOTIVATION
• Groups may have one or more motivations for separation, including;
1. Emotional resentment and hatred of rival communities.
2. Protection from genocide and ethnic cleansing.
3. Resistance by victims of oppression, including denigration of their language,
culture or religion.
4. Influence and propaganda by those inside and outside the region who hope to gain
politically from intergroup conflict and hatred.
5. Economic and political dominance of one group that does not share power and
privilege in an egalitarian fashion.
6. Economic motivations seeking to end economic exploitation by more powerful
group or conversely to escape economic redistribution from a richer to a poor
group.
7. Preservation if threatened religious, language or other cultural tradition.
8. Destabilization from one separatist movement giving rise to others.
9. Geopolitical power vacuum from break up of larger states or empires.
10. Continuing fragmentation as more and more stables break up.
11. Feeling that the perceived nation was added to the larger state by
illegitimate means.
12. The perception that the state can no longer support one’s own group or
has betrayed their interests.
13. Oppositiion to political decisions.
 ETHNIC SEPARATISM
• Is based more on cultural and linguistic differences than religious or racial
differences, which also may exist ethnic separatist movements include the following;
EURASIA
 The soviet union’s dissolution into its original ethnic groupings which formed their
own nations of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine,
and Uzbekistan.
AFRICA
 Africa’s hundreds of ethnic groups are subsumed into 54 nation state,often leading
to ethnic conflict and separatism including in Angola, Algeria, Burundi, the Caprivi
strip in Namibia, Congo, and the democratic republic of the Congo, Darfur in Sudan,
Ethiopia, Senegal, South Africa, Uganda, Western Sahara and Zimbabwe.
 ETHNIC SEPARATISM
AUSTRALASIA
 Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia in Sabah and
Sarawak, North Borneo, federation of Malaysia
Free Papua movement in west Papua Indonesia.
Maori separatism in new Zealand.
Bougainvillean separatism in Papua new guinea.
 RACIAL SEPARATISM
• Some separatist group seek to separate from others along racial lines.
• They oppose interracial marriage and integration with other races
and seek separate schools, businesses, churches, and other
institutions; and ofthen separate societies, territories, countries and
governments.
• BLACK SEPARATISM (also known as black nationalism) is the
most prominent wave advancing the concepts of “black racial
identity” in the United States and has been advanced by black leaders
like Marcus Garvey and organizations such as the nation of Islam.
 RACIAL SEPARATISM

BLACK SEPARATISM
•Critical race theories like New York
University’s Derrick Bell and University
of Colorado’s Richard Delgado argue that
US legal education and political system
are rife with blatant racism.