Equation of Change

(Persamaan Perubahan)
Starting transport analysis:

1.Writing “Shell Momentum

Balance”

2.Start from generalized equation of

motion in a suitable coordinate
system
 Equation of Change
• Momentun balance
Unsteady state
• Energi balance more than one
• Mass balance dimension

Volume element  equation  PD  answer

General eq  simplification  PD  answer

(tabel)
• Many terms
• Constructed in several coordinate
• Rectangular
• Cylinder
• Sphere
• PD include
• Continuity equation
• Equation of motion
• Kinetic energy equation
• Shear stress equation
 Time derivative
• Partial time derivative
• Total time derivative
• Substantial time derivative

Partial time derivative, ∂C/ ∂t

Fixed position (x,y,z)
Observed the changes
of fish concentration
every time
æç ¶ C ö÷ Partial of C with respect to t
è ¶ t ø x ,y,z holding x, y, z constant
• Total time derivative
– Using motor boat and can move in any direction 
observed fish concentration
dC ¶C ¶ C dx ¶ C dy ¶ C dz
= + + +
dt ¶t ¶ x dt ¶ y dt ¶ z dt

where dx/dt, dy/dt, dz/dt are component of boat

velocity
• Substantial time derivative
– Using canoe and are not energic
(follows the river flow)
DC ¶C ¶C ¶C ¶C
= + vx + vy + v
Dt ¶t ¶x ¶y ¶z z
Where vx, vy, vz are component of local velocity
Rectangular coordinate
 Continuity Equation/Mass Balance

 Rate of 
 Rate of   Rate of   
    
  mass 
mass in  mass out   Accumulation 
 

xyz

t
  
 yz v x  x  v x  x  x  xz v y   v y 
y y  y

 
 xy v z  z  v z  z  z
Divided by x.y.z:
     
   v x  v y  v z       .v 
t  x y z 

      v x v y  v z 
 vx  vy  vz       
t x y z  x y z 
          
v0 
Substantia l Derivative.of

The left hand side is substantial derivative of 

(see by an observer moving with the fluid
velocity) and can be written as:
D
     v  For non compressible fluid
Dt  ρ constant
.v  0
D
   .v 
Dt

0    .v 
Vx V y Vz
  0
x y z

Vz 1 rVr 1 V

  0
z r r r 
 Example
• If a velocity component is known as below :
3 2
v  ir r   i 2r z
– Observe if the fluid is compressible or incompressible
 3 2
v  ir r   i 2r z
If incompressible fluid .v will equal to zero
1   1  v z
.v   rvr   v  0
r  r  r  z
Velocity on cylinder coordinate

v  ir vr  i v  iz v z
From the problem above, we can get:
vr  r 
3

v  2r 2z
vz  0
Derivative from continuity equation:

  4
r r
 
rvr   r   4r 3
 

 
v   2r 2z  2r 2 z

v z
0
z
1 3
r
  
1 2
.v  0  4r   2r z  0  0
r

4r   2rz  0  2r   z Compressible fluid
2
• If component of incompressible fluids are
known as below, find the whole velocity
components
vx  x y
3

v y  2 yx z
2
Equation of Motion
(Persamaan Gerak)
 Momentum balance

Sum of forces   Rate of 

 Rate of   Rate of     
 
  
  Acting on 
  momentum 
 momentum in   momentum out  system   Accumulation 
   

Remember: velocity is a vector variable

 x Momentum balance:
Convection:

yz v x v x  x  v x v x  x  x  xz v y v x  y  v y v x  y  y 

 xy v z v x  z  v z v x  z  z 
Molecular momentum transfer:

yz  xx x   xx x  x
 xz  yx y   yx
y  y
 xy zx z   zx z  z

Net force in x direction (Assuming only
pressure gradient and gravitational force):

 
yz p x  p x  x  xyz.g x
Combining all mechanisms:
v x    
  v x v x  v y v x  v z v x 
t  x y z 
    p
   xx   yx   zx    g x
 x y z  x

Accordingly y and z momentum balance:

v y    
  v x v y  v y v y  v z v y 
t  x y z 
    p
   xy   yx   yx    g y
 x y z  y
z component:
vz    
  vx vz  v y vz  vz vz 
t  x y z 
    P
   zx   zx   zz    g z
 x y z  z

In vector notation:
v
 .vv   P  .τ   g
t
Newtonian-Fluid
Momentum Equation/Equation of Motion:
Exercise:

r

r
Continuity Equation:

D  1 rVr 1 V Vz 

    
Dt  r r r  z 

If density is constant (non-compressible fluid:

D  1 rVr 1 V Vz 

    
Dt  r r r  z 
 1 rVr 1 V Vz 
0   
 r r r  z 
It can be seen that velocity component is only
to the z direction, therefore:
vr = v  = 0

 1 rVr 1 V Vz 

0   
 r r r  z 

Vz
0  Vz  f ( z )
z
 Momentum Equation:

From potential flow (theory) inside flow:

P P  PL  P0 
  
z Z  L 

 PL  P0   1   v z 
0      r    g z
 L   r r  r 

 PL  P0   1   dv z 
0      r 
 L   r r  dr 
 P0  PL 2  r
2
vz  R 1    
4 L   R  
Flow trough an annulus
 Prove that :

 P0  PL  C1
 rz   r 
 2L  r

Can we give C1 equal to 0 in order rz is

unlimited at r = 0 ???

Boundary Conditions:
1. r = R  Vz =0
2. r = R  Vz =0
• Shear stress
distribution
P 
 0 L   
P  r  1  K 2 
 R  
 rz    R     
 2 L   R   2 ln(1 / K )  r 

• Velocity distribution

 P0  PL  2   r   1  K 2   r 
2
v z    R 1     ln  
 4 L    R   ln(1 / K )   R 
 p  1  
0    r rz   g z
z  r r 

  P0  PL   P0  PL  C1
r rz    r  rz   r 
r  L   2L  r
  P0  PL 
r rz    r
r  L 
 Momentum balance

d  P0  PL 
r rz    r
dr  L 
 P0  PL  C1
 rz   r  At r = λR  τrz = 0
 2L  r
 P0  PL 
R 
2
C1  
 2L 
 P0  PL   r  2  R 
 rz    R      
 2 L   R   r 
 Newtonion fluid

P0  PL
 rz  r
2L

dVz  P0  PL   r  2  R 
   R      
dr  2 L   R   r 

 P0  PL  2  r 
2
r 
Vz    R    2 ln    C2 
2

 4 L   R  R 
BC : r = KR  Vz = 0
r = R  Vz = 0
 
 P0  PL  2 2
0   
 R K  22 ln K  C2 ......(1)
 4L 
 P  PL  2
0   0  R 1  C2 ......(2)
 4 L 
From (1) and (2) we can get C2 = -1
1 K
2 
2

ln(1 / K )

P 
 0 L   
P  r  1  K 2 
 R  
 rz    R     
 2 L   R   2 ln(1 / K )  r 

 P0  PL  2   r   1  K 2   r 
2
v z    R 1     ln  
 4 L    R   ln(1 / K )   R 
 FLOW OF TWO ADJASENT OF
IMMICIBLE FLUIDS
Flow in rectangular pipe
x
b B
z
b A

b B
b A

b B

b A
• Shear stress distribution
 P0  PL   x  1   A   B 
 rz   b     
 L   b  2   A   B 
• Velocity distribution
 P  P   2        x  x 
2
v zA   0 L b 2  A  A
 
B 
   
 2  A L    A   B    A   B  b  b  

    2        2
P P
v zB   0 L b 2  B  A B    
x x
    
 2  B L    A   B    A   B  b  b  
 p  xz
0   g z
z x

 xz P0  PL

x L
Momentum balance
d xz P0  PL

dx L
P0  PL
 xz A
 x  C1A

L
P0  PL
 xz B
 x  C1B

L
BC: x = 0  xz   xz  C  C
A B
1
A
1
B
Newtonian fluid

dVz A
P0  PL
 A  x  C1A
dx L
dVzB
P0  PL
 B  x  C1B

dx L
Integrated to x
P0  PL 2 C A
Vz  
A
x  1
 C2
A

2 A L A
P0  PL 2 C B
V 
B
x   C2
1B

2 B L B
z
 BC :
x=0 VzA = VzB
x=-b VzA = 0
x=b VzB = 0
    2        2
P
v zA   0
P L b 2  A  A B    
x x
      
 2  A L    A   B    A   B  b  b  

    2        2
P P
v zB   0 L b 2  B  A B    
x x
    
 2  B L    A   B    A   B  b  b  