STATISTICS


STATISTICS
It come a Latin word “status” meaning “state.”

 Statistics is a collection of quantitative data such

as statistics of crimes, statistics of enrolment,
statistics of unemployment , and the like.
 Deals with the collection, presentation, analysis,
and interpretation of quantitative data.
 Itis also a tool that helps us develop general and
meaningful conclusions that go beyond the
original data.
Statistical Analysis
It is used to manipulate
summarize, and investigate data,
so that useful decision-making
information results.
AREAS OF STATISTICS

1. Descriptive statistics – Methods of organizing, summarizing,

and presenting data in an informative way.
 Collect data
 e.g., Survey
 Present data
 e.g., Tables and graphs
 Summarize data X i

 e.g., Sample mean n

AREAS OF STATISTICS

2. Inferential statistics – The methods used to

determine something about a population on the
basis of a sample
 Population –The entire set of individuals or objects
of interest or the measurements obtained from all
individuals or objects of interest
 Sample – A portion, or part, of the population of
interest
 Inferential Statistics
 Estimation
 e.g.,
Estimate the population
mean weight using the sample
mean weight
 Hypothesis testing
 e.g.,Test the claim that the
population mean weight is 70
kg
Inference is the process of drawing conclusions or making decisions
about a population based on sample results
Sampling
The process of choosing a
representative portion of
population.
Sampling methods
Sampling methods can be:
 Probability sample - each member of the population has an
equal chance of being selected.
 Non-probability sample – selected by judgement where
elements do not have equal chance of being taken.

The actual process of sampling causes sampling

errors. For example, the sample may not be large
enough or representative of the population. Factors not
related to the sampling process cause non- sampling
errors. A defective counting device can cause a
non-sampling error.
 Probability- Random Sampling Methods
 SimpleRandom Sampling – a process of selecting a sample
from a set of all sampling units or a population such that each
sampling unit is given a chance of being included in the
sample.
 Lottery Sampling
 withreplacement/ unrestricted : a member of the population may be
chosen more than once (picking the candy from the bowl)
 withoutreplacement/restricted : a member of the population may be
chosen only once (lottery ticket)
 Tableof Random Numbers or Digits
 Systematic Random Sampling – with kth sample of any population
Probability- Random Sampling Methods
 Stratified
Random Sampling - divide the
population into groups called strata and then take
a sample from each stratum.
 Cluster Sampling - divide the population into
strata and then randomly select some of the
strata. All the members from these strata are in
the cluster sample.
 Multistage
Sampling – a two to three stage
sampling method with clusters.
Non-Probability- Sampling Methods
 Accidental/ Convenience Sampling – based only
on the convenience of the researcher.
 Purposive Sampling – samples are taken with a
purpose in kind.
 Modal Sampling
 Expert Sampling
 Quota Sampling
 Heterogeneity Sampling