TUTORIAL 38

UNIT 3

C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F E L E M E N T S
AND PERIODICITY OF PROPERTIES
 IONISATION ENTHALPY
 ELECTRON GAIN ENTHALPY
 ELECTRONEGATIVITY

By S.J.C
IONISATION ENTHALPY:
• Definition: The amount of energy required to remove an electron from the outermost shell of an
isolated gaseous atom is known as ionisation energy.
E (g) - e- E+(g) -∆Hi
• Explanation: In an atom, there is an attractive force between the nucleus and electrons, when we want to
remove an electron from the atom, we have to apply energy to overcome the attractive force between
nucleus and that electron. That amount of energy is called ionisation energy or enthalpy.
• For different atom, the ionisation energy is different because the forces of attraction between
nucleus and electrons are different.
REPRESENTATION OF IONISATION ENTHALPY
• Ionisation enthalpy is denoted by ∆ i H. (∆ means change, I means ionisation and H means
enthalpy). Unit of ionisation enthalpy is eV, Kcalmol-1, KJ mol-1.

SUCCESSIVE IONISATION ENTHALPY

• The ionisation enthalpies required to remove the first, second, third etc. electrons from an
isolated gaseous atom is known as Successive Ionisation energy.
• Successive ionisation enthalpy increases as-
∆ i H1 < ∆ i H2 < ∆ i H3
Explanation: When an electron has been removed from a isolated neutral gaseous atom,
the atom become positively charged because one electron less than the number of proton
in the nucleus. As a result, the electrostatic attractions between nucleus and electrons
increases. Hence, nucleus hold the electron more firmly. As a result we required more
energy to remove the second electron. Again, the removal of two electron from the atom
gives a doubly positively charged nucleus which will hold the electrons even more tightly. As a
result, more energy required to remove the third electron.
FACTORS AFFECTING IONISATION ENTHALPY
• Ionisation energy depends on the following factors:
a) Nuclear charge
b) Atomic size
c) Penetration effect of the electrons
d) Screening effect of the inner electrons
e) Effect of arrangement of electrons (Electronic configuration)
 NUCLEAR CHARGE:
• Nuclear charge means positive charge of the nucleus. As the nuclear charge increases, the
positive charge increases which will hold the electron more tightly, as a result more energy
required to remove electron
– Hence, as the nuclear charge of atom increases the ionisation energy
increases.
 ATOMIC SIZE:
• As atomic size increases, the distance between nucleus and electrons of outermost shell
increases. As a result, the attractive force decreases, therefore less energy required to remove
the electron.
– Hence, as the atomic size of atom increases the ionisation energy decreases .
 PENETRATION EFFECT OF ELECTRONS :
• In a multi-electron atom, the electrons in the s-orbitals are more closer to the nucleus. As a
result electrons in s-orbitals are more firmly hold by nucleus. Similarly, p-orbitals are closer to
nucleus than d-orbitals, d-orbitals are closer than f orbitals. In other words s-electrons are more
penetrating than p-electrons, p-electrons are more penetrating than d-electrons and so on.
Penetration effect decreases as s > p >d > f.
Now, if penetrating effect is more, the attraction of nucleus and electrons is more, as a
result more energy required to remove such electrons.
– Hence, as the penetration effect of electrons increases the ionisation energy
increases.
 SCREENING / SHIELDING EFFECT OF INNER ELECTRONS :
• In case of a multi-electron atom, the effect of nucleus on the outermost shell’s electrons is shielded by the inner
shell’s electron. As a result, the electrons of the outermost shell experience less attractive force by the nucleus.
Hence less energy required to remove an electron.
– Hence, as the screening or shielding effect of inner shell’s electrons increases the ionisation
energy decreases.
 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION :
• Generally half field electronic configuration and completely filled electronic configurations are more stable than
the other electronic configuration. Hence, electrons cannot be easily removable from half-filled or completely
filled electronic configuration i.e. more energy required.
– Hence, ionisation energy is greater in case of half-filled or completely filled electronic
configurations..
VARIATIONS OF IONISATION ENERGY IN PERIODIC TABLE:
• IN A GROUP (from top to bottom):
 In a group from top to bottom as atomic size increases the ionisation energy decreases.
 In a group from top to bottom as atomic number increases, number of shells increases, as
result the inner shell’s electron shield the nucleus and outer shells electron experience less
attractive force by the nucleus. Hence less energy required to remove electron i.e.
ionisation energy decreases.
 In group 15 (N-group) and the group 18( Inert gas group), due to half filled electronic
configuration and completely filled electronic configuration respectively, the ionisation
energy increases than the adjacent groups.
• IN A PERIOD (from left to right):
 In a period from left to right as atomic size decreases due to increase in nuclear charge, the
ionisation energy increases.
 Moreover, we have to consider the penetration effect also.

Black board:
ELECTRON GAIN ENTHALPY:
• Definition: The amount of energy required or released when an electron is added to the
outermost shell of an isolated gaseous atom is known as electron gain enthalpy.
E (g) + e- E- (g) ±∆Heg
• Explanation: In an atom, there is an attractive force between the nucleus and electrons, when
we want to add an electron to the atom, the atom can either attract that electron to its outermost
shell or repel that electron. If the atom attract the electron energy will be released and if it repel
the electron then we have to apply energy to add the electron. The release or require of energy
depends on various situation
REPRESENTATION OF ELECTRON GAIN ENTHALPY
• Electron gain enthalpy is denoted by ∆ Heg. (∆ means change, eg means electron gain and H
means enthalpy). Unit of ionisation enthalpy is eV, Kcalmol-1, KJ mol-1.

SUCCESSIVE ELECTRON GAIN ENTHALPY

• The enthalpy change occur when we add the first, second, third etc. electrons to an isolated
gaseous atom is known as Successive electron gain enthalpy.
• When we add the first electron the atom become negatively charged. Now, if we want to add
the second electron, it will repel by the negative charge, as a result we have to apply energy to
add the second electron. Hence, the second electron gain enthalpy is positive.
FACTORS AFFECTING ELECTRON GAIN ENTHALPY
• Electron gain enthalpy depends on the following factors:
a) Nuclear charge: As the nuclear charge increases, the attractive force between
nucleus and electron increases, as a result it will be easier to add an electron.
Hence the electron gain enthalpy become more negative (i.e. energy released)
b) Atomic size: As the atomic size increases, the distance between the nucleus and
outermost shell increases, hence attractive force decreases. Hence it will not be
easier to add an electron such case, therefore electron gain enthalpy become less
negative.
c) Electronic configuration: Since half-filled or completely fill electronic
configurations are more stable, therefore when we want to add electron to such
configuration, we have to apply energy. Hence electron gain enthalpy in such
cases is positive (i.e. energy required).
VARIATIONS OF ELECTRON GAIN ENTHALPY IN PERIODIC TABLE:
• IN A GROUP (from top to bottom):
 In a group from top to bottom as atomic size increases the electron gain enthalpy become
less negative.

• IN A PERIOD (from left to right):

 In a period from left to right as atomic size decreases the electron gain enthalpy become
more negative.
SOME IMPORTANT FACTS OF ELECTRON GAIN ENTHALPY
A) Halogens have the highest negative electron gain enthalpy:

B) Noble gases have positive electron gain enthalpy:

ELECTRONEGATIVITY
• Definition: Electronegativity is the tendency or power of an atom to attract the shared
pair of electrons of a covalent bond towards itself.
• It is denoted by x.
Thank you