Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Biology
Eighth Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Overview: The Molecule That Supports All of Life
• hydrogen bonds
• Four of water’s properties that facilitate an environment
for life are:
– Cohesive behavior
– Ability to moderate temperature: Stable
– Expansion upon freezing: Less dense Ice floats
– Versatility as a solvent.
——
O
–
+
——
H
– +
–
+
Water Properties
Water-conducting
cells
Direction Cohesion
of water
150 µm
movement
Surface Tension
Moderation of Temperature
• .
40 miles
Evaporative Cooling
Hydrogen
bond
Ice Liquid water
Hydrogen bonds are stable Hydrogen bonds break and re-form
The Solvent of Life
Cl– Cl– – +
– +
–
+
–
–
Solute Concentration in Aqueous Solutions
• pH = –log [H+]
– Acidic < 7, basic (alkaline) < 7, or neutral=7
– H2O + H2O H3O+ + OH-
H
H
O H O O H O
H H H H
pH values 1
Battery acid
of some
Gastric juice,
Aqueous 2 lemon juice
Increasingly Acidic
H+
Solutions H+
OH–
OH– Saliva
Neutral
H+
H + OH–
[H+] = [OH–] 7 Pure water
OH– OH– + Human blood, tears
H+ H+ H
8 Seawater
Neutral
solution
9
Increasingly Basic
[H+] < [OH–]
10
Milk of magnesia
OH–
OH–
11
OH– H+ OH–
OH OH
– – Household ammonia
H + OH–
12
Basic
solution Household
13 bleach
Oven cleaner
14
Threats to Water Quality on Earth
0 More
1 acidic
2
3 Acid
4 rain
5
Normal
6 rain
7
8
9
10
11
12
13 More
14 basic
• Human activities, burning fossil fuels, threaten
water quality.
– fossil fuel combustion releases CO2
• greenhouse effect
RESULTS
40
Calcification rate
20
0
150 200 250 300
[CO32–] (µmol/kg)
Evidence of Water ?