After working through this lecture, you should be able to: Explain in general term the function of the

e immune system. List the components of the 2 principal types of immunity; innate/natural/non-specific immunity and adaptive/acquired/non-specific immunity. Differentiate the characteristic features of the 2 principal types of immune responses.

IMMUNE SYSTEM
The Immune System is a multi-component defense and surveillance system whose function is to recognize self from non-self and to defend the body against non-self => immunesurveillance

The immune system must be able to differentiate between material that is a normal component of the body (self) and material that is not native to the body non-self A highly specialized receptors present for discriminating between self and non-self body components

The discrimination between self and non-self and the subsequent destruction and removal of foreign material is accomplished by the two arms of the immune system 1) The innate (natural or non-specific) immune system 2) The adaptive (acquired or specific) immune system *These two systems perform many of their functions by cooperative interactions

ORGANIZATION OF IMMUNE SYSTEM

Innate/ Natural Immunity

Specific/ Acquired Immunity

Humoral
(antibody)

(cell-mediated)

Cellular

INNATE/NATURAL IMMUNITY
Components that contribute to natural immunity

Anatomical barriers epithelium: skin, respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts

Physiological barriers cough reflex, sneezing, flushing of urine Chemical barriers interferons, transferin, complement Phagocytosis & inflammatory response

Non-inflammatory Response
Role of external body surfaces
Skin - consists of sheets of dry, cornified , epithelial cells - intact skin acts as barrier to bacteria and viruses Hair follicles and sebaceous glands - produce antibacterial substances (fatty acids and enzymes)

Normal microbial flora - compete with potential pathogens

Non-inflammatory Response
Role of internal body surfaces
Normal movement of fluids and mucous - acts as mechanical factors for cleaning internal surfaces of Respiratory tract, Gastrointestinal tract, Genitourinary tract

Response of Innate Immune System

is the first line of defense

is active at the time of infection is divided into two stages: 1. non-inflammatory reaction (bodys static defenses) skin, gastric pH, lysozyme in tears, saliva, mucous 2. local inflammation (promotes migration of phagocytes and plasma protein into infected tissues) - phagocytes respond to surface structures present in large groups of microorganisms

Inflammatory Reaction
Inflammation is a nonspecific response of living tissue to localize and eliminate the injurious agent Injury may be physical, chemical or biological In inflammatory response, specialized cells and serum proteins move from plasma to interstitial spaces to provide an immediate defense

Immune Cells (Microscopic)

ACQUIRED/SPECIFIC IMMUNITY
The acquired immune response is more specialized than innate immune response The acquired immune response involves a combination of two mechanisms : 1. Humoral immune response 2. Cell mediated immune response They interact with one another to destroy foreign body (microorganisms, infected cells, tumor cells)

ACQUIRED/SPECIFIC IMMUNITY
Characteristic features:
Highly specific for the invading organism
Stimulated by exposure to foreign microbes It can respond to millions of different antigens Enhances / amplifies the mechanisms of innate immunity

ACQUIRED/SPECIFIC IMMUNITY (cont)

Provides the best defense against persistent or recurrent microbial infections Adapts to respond to individual microbes in specialized ways using the mechanisms of humoral (antibody mediated) or cell-mediated response Can be actively or passively acquired

ACQUIRED/SPECIFIC IMMUNITY (cont)

Passive acquired immunity
a. Naturally acquired Antibodies are passed through placenta to the fetus b. Artificially acquired The injection of already prepared antibodies, such as gamma globulin (short-term immunization)

ACQUIRED/SPECIFIC IMMUNITY (cont)

Active acquired immunity
a. Natural active acquired immunity :
- Following clinical or subclinical infections

- measles or mumps, in which immunity is long lasting

b. Artificial active acquired immunity : - Following vaccination with live or killed infectious agents or their products

Immunity
Innate immunity
mediated Components
Macrophages Granulocytes Natural killer cells Complement Other chemicals: HCL, lysozyme

Adaptive immunity
Humoral Cell-

Components
antigen presenting cells T-cells B-cells Antibodies Complement

Characteristics
* Action is immediate * Response is non-specific * Response is not enhanced on repeated exposure to pathogen (no memory)

Characteristics
* Action requires days to develop * Response is specific * Response is enhanced on (memory)

TOPICS
Immune cells Antibody Antigen Complement Cytokines

HLA
Ag-Ab Reactions

IMMUNE RESPONSE
Immunity Immune Diseases

Immunodeficiency

Hypersensitivity

Autoimmunity

References
Stites DP, Terr Al and Parslow TG. Medical Immunology. 10th Edition, Appleton & Lange, Prentice-hall International Inc. 2001. Roitt I, Brostoff J and Male D. Immunology. 6th Edition, Gower Medical Publishing, London. 2001 Geo.F.Brooks, Janet S.Butel and Stephen A.Morse. Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelbergs Medical Microbiology. 23rd Edition, McGraw-Hill. 2004. Cedric Mims, Hazel M. Dockrell, Richard V.Goering, Ivan Roitt, Derek Wakelin and Mark Zuckerman. Medical Microbiology. 3rd Edition, Elsevier Mosby. 2004. Marjorie Kelly Cowan and Kathleen Park Talaro. Microbiology A Systems Approach. McGraw-Hill. 2006.