Label the diagram below with the names of each layer. Include a brief description of each layer.

Crust
Mantle
Outer core
Inner core
The Earth’s
Internal Heat
Learning
Competency:
Describe where
the Earth’s
internal heat
comes from.
Outer Core and
Inner Core –
composed primarily
of Iron (Fe) and
Nickel (Ni)
Upper mantle
Partially molten (Asthenosphere)

Lower mantle
Liquid portion of the mantle

Composed of:
Iron (Fe), Magnesium (Mg), Silicon (Si) and Oxygen (O)
Oceanic crust
Composed of Basalt (Silicon &
Oxygen)

Continental Crust
Composed of Granite (Quartz
(SiO2) & Feldspar)
Earth’s temperature increases with depth,
but not at a uniform rate.
Convection
Current
The continuous loop of sinking hot,
soft rocks caused by energy transfer
in the Asthenosphere (Earth’s
mantle).
Convection Current
Sinking of cold and rising of
warm materials in the mantle.
Convection
2 MAJOR SOURCES OF HEAT
A. Primordial Heat
• Comes from the word primordialis which means
“of the beginning”.

• Heat from accretion and bombardment of the

Earth during the early stages of formation

• The core is a storage of primordial heat that

originates from times of accretion when kinetic
energy of colliding particles was transformed
into thermal energy.
2 MAJOR SOURCES OF HEAT
B. Radiogenic Heat
• The energy released when the unstable
atoms decay.
• It involves in disintegration of natural
radioactive elements inside the earth – like
Uranium, Thorium and Potassium.
• Produced by the radioactive decay of
isotopes in the mantle and crust
 IMPORTANCE OF EARTH’S INTERIOR HEAT FLOW
1. Formation of surface oceans and
surface continents caused by tectonic
activities

2. Earth’s strong magnetic field caused

by the solid core
ACTIVITY: Identify the sources of heat by writing RH for radiogenic heat and PH for
primordial heat.
Heat Transfer in the Earth
 Conduction
• Happen in the Earth’s surface and
directs the thermal settings in almost
entire solid portions of the Earth.
• Conduction carries heat from the Earth’s
core and radiation from the sun to the
Earth’s surface.
• When the atmosphere in normal
temperature contacts with the warm
surfaces of the land, it transfer thermal
energy.
 Convection
• Transfer of heat by the movement of mass and it is a more effective mode of heat transport.

• The mantle of the earth moves slowly because of transfer of heat from the interior of the
earth up to the surface.
Radiation
• Process of heat exchange between the sun
and the earth through radiation, controls
the temperatures at the earth’s surface.
• When the land and water become warm in
summer, it emits long – wavelength
infrared radiation that is absorbed by the
atmosphere.
ACTIVITY: Use the word bank to fill in the gaps in the passage below.
MAGMATISM
Learning
Competency:

• Describe how magma is formed

What is Magma?

• Is a molten and semi-

molten rock mixture
found under the surface of
the Earth.
• Extremely hot between
700°C and 1,300° C
 Elements present in
Magma
Questions:
1. Which of the following
elements has the highest
amount in the magma?
2. Which of the following
elements has the lowest
amount in magma?
3. What are the top two
compositions of magma?
 Magma Formation
1. DECOMPRESSION
MELTING

• Involves the upward movement of Earth’s

mostly solid mantle

• This hot material rises to an area of lower

pressure through the process of convection.
Areas of lower pressure always have a
lower melting point than areas of high
pressure.
 Magma Formation
2. HEAT TRANSFER
• Conduction in mantle happens
when heat is transferred from
hotter molten rocks to the
Earth’s cold crust.
• Happens at convergent
boundaries, where tectonic
plates are crashing together
melting the surrounding rocks
into magma
 Magma Formation
3. FLUX MELTING
• Occurs upon the introduction of volatiles
which breaks the chemical bond in rocks
and at the same time lowers the melting
temperature of the rocks.

• If the rock is close enough to its melting

point, the effect of adding these volatiles
can be enough to trigger partial melting.