Review

 What are the layers of the Earth?

 CRUST – outermost layer,
solid, relatively very thin
with the other layers
MANTLE – the largest layer;
approx. 1800 miles thick;
composed of very hot dense
rock called magma; semi-
liquified

ASTENOSPHERE– zone of Earth's mantle lying beneath the

lithosphere; much hotter and more fluid than the lithosphere
OUTER CORE – composed of INNER CORE – also composed
liquefied metals such as of metals such as nickel and
nickel and iron; liquified due iron; solid due to immense
to immense heat. heat and pressure, less
vibration of particles.
Review

 What is magma?
 If magma is defined as molten rock material, do
you need to melt rocks to form magma?
 Is temperature increase solely responsible for the
melting of rocks?
 Where and how is magma formed?
ENDOGENIC PROCESSES
At the end of this lesson, you must be
able to:
 Know the sources and significance of the Earth's
internal heat and
 Understand and explain the requirements for
magma generation
ENDOGENIC PROCESSES
Heat in the Interior of the Earth
Endogenic Processes

 Activities or forces in the interior of the Earth

 Also influences how the planet is shaped
Heat in the Interior of the Earth

 Primordial Heat
 Radiogenic Heat
Primordial Heat

 Heat from accretion and bombardment of the

Earth during the early stages of formation.
 Ex. Hammer and hard surface
Primordial Heat
 Accretion Energy - conversion of K.E. of smaller
planetary objects into heat as they collided on
accretion.
Collision -> seismic shock -> internal heating
 Adiabatic compression - as compresses something
cause it to heat up (e.g. bicycle pump)
 Core formation Energy - settling of Fe to centre of
Earth converts P.E. of iron to heat energy.
Radiogenic Heat

 Generated by long-term generated

radioactive decay
 Main sources are four long-lived
isotopes (large half-life), namely 𝐾 40 ,
𝑇ℎ232 , 𝑈 235 , 𝑈 238 .
 Continuing heat source over egologic
time
Let’s Try This!

 Identify the sources of internal heat (primordial

or radiogenic heat)
Let’s Try This!

Presence of different isotopes of heat

producing element in the mantle and crust.

Answer: Radiogenic Heat

Let’s Try This!

Internal heat accumulated by dissipation of

planet.

Answer: Primordial Heat

Let’s Try This!

Release of accretional energy.

Answer: Primordial Heat

Let’s Try This!

Release of thermal energy as a result of

spontaneous nuclear disintegration.

Answer: Radiogenic Heat

Estimated Internal Heat of the Earth

 The mantle and asthenosphere are considerably

hotter than the lithosphere, and the core is much
hotter than the mantle
Estimated Internal Heat of the Earth

 Core-mantle boundary: 3,700°C

 Inner-core – outer-core boundary: 6,300°C±800°C
 Earth’s center: 6,400°C±600°Core is much hotter
than the mantle
Redistribution of the Earth’s Heat

 Simultaneous conduction, convection, and

radiation
 BASIS FOR COMPARISON CONDUCTION CONVECTION RADIATION
Meaning Conduction is a process in Convection refers to the Radiation alludes to the
which transfer of heat form of heat transfer in mechanism in which heat
takes place between which energy transition is transmitted without
objects by direct contact. occurs within the fluid. any physical contact
between objects.
Represent How heat travels between How heat passes through How heat flows through
objects in direct contact. fluids. empty spaces.

Cause Due to temperature Due to density difference. Occurs from all objects,
difference. at temperature greater
than 0 K.
Occurence Occurs in solids, through Occurs in fluids, by actual Occurs at a distance and
molecular collisions. flow of matter. does not heats the
intervening substance.
Transfer of heat Uses heated solid Uses intermediate Uses electromagnetic
substance. substance. waves.
Speed Slow Slow Fast
Law of reflection and Does not follow Does not follow Follow
refraction
https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-conduction-convection-and-radiation.html
Redistribution of the Earth’s Heat

 Conduction occurs between the core and mantle,

asthenosphere and lithosphere
 Convection occurs at the mantle and at seafloor
spreading zones
Redistribution of the Earth’s Heat

 Conduction governs the thermal conditions in almost

entire solid portions of the Earth and plays a very
important role in the lithosphere
 Convection involves transfer of heat by the
movement of mass, which is a more efficient means
of heat transport in the Earth compared to pure
conduction.
 Radiation is the least important mode of heat
transport in the Earth
Redistribution of the Earth’s Heat

 How the conduction in the surface of the earth affect

the temperature of our atmosphere?
 Air molecules come in contact with the warmer surface
of the land and ocean resulting to the increase of its
thermal energy
Redistribution of the Earth’s Heat

Convection Cell - unit of a convective circulation; movement

is relative to the movement of tectonic plate
Convection Analogy

 Boiling water
Convection Analogy
 Mechanisms that occur when boiling water:
 There is a heat source at the bottom of the water.
 The heat rises to the top from the bottom, causing the surface
water to become hot. It radiates its heat into the air and then
cools.
 The cooler water sinks into the space vacated by the ascending
warmer water. This cooler water starts to warm up, while the
water that rises starts to cool.
 The process continues, forming a top-to-bottom circulation of
water.
 What is the requirement to reach the boiling point of
water?
ENDOGENIC PROCESSES
Magmatism
Magmatism

 Process under the earth’s crust where formation and

movement of magma occur
 Location?
 Astenosphere – lower crust & upper mantle
 Magma-generation process?
 Partial melting - different minerals in rock melt at
different temperature and pressure; addition of
volatiles
Partial Melting
Melt

 Most magmas consist mostly of a liquid portion

called melt
 Which is consists of mobile ions of oxygen and
silicon ready to form silica (𝑆𝑖𝑂2 )
Special Conditions for Magma Formation

 Crust and mantle are almost entirely solid, indicating that

magma only forms in special places where pre-existing
solid rocks undergo melting.
Special Conditions for Magma Formation

 Melting due to decrease in pressure (decompression melting):

The decrease in pressure affecting a hot mantle rock at a
constant temperature permits melting forming magma. This
process of hot mantle rock rising to shallower depths in the
Earth occurs in mantle plumes, beneath rifts and beneath mid-
ocean ridges.
Locations: Mid-ocean ridges
Special Conditions for Magma Formation

 Melting as a result of the addition of volatiles (flux melting):

When volatiles mix with hot, dry rock, the volatile decreases
the rock’s melting point and they help break the chemical
bonds in the rock to allow melting.
Locations: Subduction Zones
Special Conditions for Magma Formation

 Melting resulting from heat transfer from rising magma

(heat transfer melting): A rising magma from the mantle
brings heat with it that can melt the surrounding rocks at
the shallower depths.
Locations: Convergent ridges
 HEAT
CONVERGENT TRANSFER TEMPERA
BOUNDARY MELTING -TURE
MID-OCEAN DECOMPRE PARTIAL
-SSION
PRESSURE MELTING
RIDGES
MELTING
VOLATILES
SUBDUCTION FLUX
ZONES MELTING

ASTHENO-
Asthenosphere mid-ocean ridge SPHERE
convergent boundary oxygen
decompression partial melting
melting pressure
flux melting silicon SILICON
heat transfer melting subduction zone MAGMA LAVA
igneous rocks temperature OXYGEN
lava volatiles
magma volcano

VOLCANO
IGNEOUS ROCKS
ENDOGENIC PROCESSES