Perpendicular bisector theorem
Part I : Every point on the
perpendicular bisector of a segment is
equidistant from the end points of the
segment.
Given : line l is the perpendicular bisector of
seg AB at point M. Point P is any point on l
To prove: PA = PB
Construction : Draw seg AP and seg BP
Proof : In Δ PMA and Δ PMB
seg PM seg PM ....... common side
PMA PMB .........each is a right angle
seg AM seg BM .......given
⸫ Δ PMA Δ PMB ...... S-A-S test
⸫ seg PA seg PB .......c.s.c.t.
⸫ l (PA) = l (PB)
Hence every point on the perpendicular bisector of
a segment is equidistant from the end points of the
segment.
Part II : Any point equidistant from the
end points of a segment lies on the
perpendicular bisector of the segment.
Given : Point P is any point equidistant
from the end points of seg AB. That is,
PA = PB.
To prove: Point P is on the perpendicular
bisector of seg AB.
Construction : Take mid-point M of seg
AB and draw line PM.
Proof : In Δ PAM and Δ PBM
seg PA seg PB ......... [Given]
seg AM seg BM ....... [Construction ]
seg PM seg PM ....... common side
⸫ Δ PAM Δ PBM ...... S-S-S test.
⸫ PMA PMB.......c.a.c.t.
But PMA + PMB = 180°
PMA + PMA = 180° ........ (⸪ PMB = PMA)
2 PMA = 180°
⸫ PMA = 90°
⸫ seg PM seg AB ......(1)
But Point M is the midpoint of seg
AB. ......construction .... (2)
⸫ from (1) & (2)
line PM is the perpendicular bisector of seg AB.
So point P is on the perpendicular bisector of seg AB
 Angle bisector theorem
Part I : Every point on the bisector of Proof : Ray QS is the bisector of PQR [Given]
an angle is equidistant from the sides QR
of the angle. AQC ……..(i) [P-B-Q,S-A-Q,R-C-Q]

Given : Ray QS is the bisector of PQR In Δ QBA and Δ QCA

Point A is any point on ray QS seg AQ seg AQ ....... common side
seg AB ray QP ACQ .........each is a right angle
seg AC ray QR AQC ........from (i)
To prove : seg AB seg AC ⸫ Δ QBA Δ QCA ...... S-A-A test
⸫ seg AB seg AC .......c.s.c.t.
Hence every point on the bisector of an angle is
equidistant from the sides of the angle.
Part II : Any point equidistant from sides of
an angle is on the bisector of the angle.
Given : A is a point in the interior of PQR.
seg AC ray QR seg AB ray QP and
AB = AC
Proof :
In Δ QBA and Δ QCA
ACQ .........each is a right angle
seg AQ seg AQ ....... common side
seg AB seg AC ....... given
⸫ Δ QBA Δ QCA ...... Hypotenuse side test
⸫ AQC .......c.a.c.t.
Hence, ray QA is the bisector of PQR.

To prove : Ray QA is the bisector of PQR.

That is BQA = CQA
Properties of inequalities of
sides and angles of a
triangle
Theorem : If two sides of a triangle are unequal, then the angle opposite to the greater side is greater than
angle opposite to the smaller side.

Given : In Δ XYZ, side XZ > side XY

To prove : XYZ > XZY
Construction : Take point P on side XZ such that
XY = XP, Draw seg YP.
Proof :
In Δ XYP ,XY = XP .........construction
⸫ XYP = XPY.....isosceles triangle theorem .....(I)
XPY is an exterior angle of Δ YPZ.
⸫ XPY > PZY .........exterior angle theorem
⸫ XYP > PZY ..........from (I)
⸫ XYP + PYZ > PZY ........If a > b and c > 0 then a + c > b
⸫ XYZ > PZY, that is XYZ > XZY
Theorem : If two angles of a triangle are unequal then the side opposite to the
greater angle is greater than the side opposite to smaller angle.
Given : In ΔABC, B > C
To prove : AC > AB
Proof :
There are only three possibilities regarding
the lengths of side AB and side AC of Δ ABC (ii) If AC = AB
(i) AC < AB (ii) AC = AB (iii) AC > AB Then B = C (Isosceles triangle theorem )
(i)Let us assume that AC < AB. But B > C ...... (given)
This also creates a contradiction.
If two sides of a triangle are unequal then
the angle opposite to greater side is ⸫ AC = AB is wrong.
greater
⸫ AC > AB is the only remaining possibility.
⸫ C > B But C < B ......... (given)
⸫ AC > AB
This creates a contradiction.
⸫ AC < AB is wrong.
 Theorem : The sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater

than the third side.

Given : Δ ABC is any triangle.
To prove : AB + AC > BC
AB + BC > AC
AC + BC > AB
Construction : Take a point D on ray BA
such that AD = AC. ⸫ side BD > side BC .........the side
Proof : opposite to greater angle is greater
In Δ ACD, AC = AD ..... Construction ⸫ BA + AD > BC ..............⸪ BD = BA + AD
⸫ ACD = ADC ...... Isosceles triangle BA + AC > BC ........ ⸪ AD = AC
theorem Similarly we can prove that AB + BC > AC
⸫ ACD + ACB > ADC and BC + AC > AB.
⸫ BCD > ADC
Practice set 3.4
Question 1.
In the adjoining figure, point A is on the bisector of
∠ XYZ. If AX = 2 cm, then find AZ.
Solution:
AX = 2 cm [Given]
Point A lies on the bisector of ∠ XYZ. [Given]
⸫Point A is equidistant from the sides of ∠XYZ.
[Every point on the bisector of an angle is
equidistant from the sides of the angle]
∴AZ = AX
∴AZ = 2 cm
Question 2 :
In the adjoining figure, ∠ RST = 56°, seg PT ⊥ ray ST,
seg PR ⊥ ray SR and seg PR ≅ seg PT. Find the measure
of ∠ RSP.
State the reason for your answer.
Solution:
seg PT ⊥ ray ST, seg PR ⊥ ray SR [Given]
seg PR ≅ seg PT [Given]
∴Point P lies on the bisector of ∠ TSR [Any point
equidistant from the sides of an angle is on the bisector of
the angle]
∴Ray SP is the bisector of ∠ RST.
∴∠RSP = ∠RST
= x 56°[Given]
∴∠RSP = 28°
Question 3.
In ∆PQR, PQ = 10 cm, QR = 12 cm, PR = 8 cm.
Find out the greatest and the smallest angle of the
triangle.

Solution:
In ∆PQR,
PQ = 10 cm, QR = 12 cm, PR = 8 cm [Given]
Since, 12 > 10 > 8
∴ QR > PQ > PR
∴ ∠QPR > ∠PRQ > PQR [Angle opposite to greater side is
greater]
∴ In ∆PQR, ∠QPR is the greatest angle and ∠PQR is the smallest
angle.
Question 4.
In ∆FAN, ∠ F = 80°, ∠ A = 40°. Find out the
greatest and the smallest side of the triangle.
State the reason.
Solution:
In ∆FAN,
∠F + ∠ A + ∠ N = 180° [Sum of the measures of the
angles of a triangle is 180°]
∴80° + 40° + ∠ N = 180°
∴∠N = 180° – 80° – 40°
∴∠N = 60°
Since, 80° > 60° > 40°
∴∠F > ∠ N > ∠ A
∴ AN > FA > FN [Side opposite to greater angle is
greater]
∴ In ∆FAN, AN is the greatest side and FN is the
smallest side.
 Question 5.
Prove that an equilateral triangle is equiangular.

Given: ∆ABC is an equilateral triangle.

To prove: ∆ABC is equiangular
i.e. ∠A ≅ ∠B ≅ ∠C
Proof:
∆ABC is an equilateral triangle [ given ]
∴seg AB ≅ seg BC ≅ seg AC …(i) [Sides of an equilateral
triangle]
In ∆ABC,
seg AB ≅ seg BC [From (i)]
∴∠C = ∠A (ii) [Isosceles triangle theorem]
In ∆ABC,
seg BC ≅ seg AC [From (i)]
∴∠A ≅ ∠B (iii) [Isosceles triangle theorem]
∴∠A ≅ ∠B ≅ ∠C [From (ii) and (iii)]
Question 6.
Prove that, if the bisector of ∠ BAC of ∆ABC is perpendicular to
side BC, then ΔABC is an isosceles triangle.

Given: Seg AD is the bisector of ∠ BAC.

seg AD ⊥ seg BC
To prove: ΔABC is an isosceles triangle.
Proof.
In ∆ABD and ∆ACD,
∠BAD ∠ ∠ CAD [seg AD is the bisector of ∠ BAC]
seg AD ≅ seg AD [Common side]
∠ADB ≅ ∠ADC [Each angle is of measure 90°]
∴∆ABD ≅ ∆ACD [ASA test]
∴seg AB ≅ seg AC [c. s. c. t.]
∴∆ABC is an isosceles triangle.
Question 7.
In the adjoining figure, if seg PR ≅ seg PQ, show that seg PS > seg PQ.

Given: seg PR ≅ seg PQ

To prove: seg PS > seg PQ
Proof:
In ∆PQR,
seg PR ≅ seg PQ [Given]
∴∠PQR ≅ ∠PRQ ….(i) [Isosceles triangle theorem]
∠PRQ is the exterior angle of ∆PRS.
∴∠PRQ > ∠PSR ….(ii) [Exterior angle theorem]
∴∠PQR > ∠PSR [From (i) and (ii)]
i.e. ∠PQS > ∠PSQ [ Q – R – S] ….(iii)
In ΔPQS,
∠PQS > ∠PSQ [From (iii)]
∴PS > PQ [Side opposite to greater angle is greater]
∴seg PS > seg PQ
Question 8.
In the adjoining figure, in ΔABC, seg AD and seg BE are
altitudes and AE = BD. Prove that seg AD = seg BE.

Given: In ΔABC , seg AD seg BC , seg BE seg AC

To prove: seg AD = seg BE
Proof:
In ∆ADB and ∆BEA,
seg BD ≅ seg AE [Given]
∠ADB ≅ ∠BEA = 90° [Given]
seg AB ≅ seg BA [Common side]
∴∆ADB ≅ ∆BEA [Hypotenuse-side test]
∴seg AD ≅ seg BE [c. s. c. t.]