What’s Dispersion?

• Dispersion: spreading of a compound in a fluid resulting from the random

motions of the fluid and its molecules
• In the physical literature (e.g., meteorology)  diffusion or turbulent
• In the engineering literature limited to mass transfer in non-turbulent fluids
and preferred when the process is driven by turbulence
Air Dispersion Modeling
• Air dispersion modeling: a technique to evaluate if a source of air pollution
creates a problem or not
• An air pollution problem: an ambient concentration of an air pollutant or
combination of air pollutants at any location that exceeds the acceptable level
for that location
Why Dispersion Models are Used?
• Reason:
• It is not possible to measure the air quality at every relevant location all of the time
• If a new source of air pollution is planned, air dispersion models can predict the impact of
the source on the air quality
• When air pollution is found, dispersion models can help determine the source
• When a source creates an air pollution problem, dispersion models can determine the
emission reduction required to solve the problem
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• Air dispersion models can be used to plan the response to emergencies such as accidental
Types of Air Dispersion Models
1. Gaussian Plume Models
2. Gaussian Puff Models
3. Stochastic Lagrangian Particle Models
4. Eulerian Advection And Dispersion Models
5. Computational Fluid Dynamics
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
• The practice of solving the Navier–Stokes equations on a fixed grid in order to explicitly
calculate turbulent motion of air masses.
• Navier–Stokes equations: momentum balances  only provide bulk properties like the
wind vector at every location; thus, for the calculation of plume dispersion, an Eulerian or
Lagrangian advection and dispersion model is needed
Computational Fluid Dynamics
• An extremely computationally intensive technique and is usually feasible only at small
scale
• Not all scales of turbulence can be covered because the smallest turbulent eddies in the
atmosphere are on the millimeter scale, whereas the largest turbulence elements can be
on the kilometer scale  grid cells larger than the smallest turbulence elements are
defined and sub-grid turbulence and dispersion are parameterized (large eddy simulation
(LES))
• Practice of parameterizing all levels of time-dependent turbulence (Reynolds averaged
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Navier–Stokes (RANS))  can be seen as the solution of an equivalent laminar flow
Standard Conditions For Temperature And Pressure
• Stack gas emissions: often presented as volumetric flow rates at standard conditions of
temperature and pressure (STP)  because stack gas can reasonably be assumed to be an ideal
gas, the volume at standard conditions is an unambiguous measure of the amount of gas
• Disadvantage: different standard conditions circulate in the technical literature, so the practice of
defining standard conditions probably creates more ambiguity than it solves
• How to solve it? It is recommended that the standard be defined whenever it is used  A
number of commonly used standards are given below
Standards
• The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC):
• Standard conditions as 0 °C temperature and 100,000 Pa pressure (1 bar)
• 1 mol of ideal gas has a volume of 22.711 L
• Standard ambient temperature: 25 °C and 100,000 Pa
• Example #1
• Cara lain:
• 1 ppm Ozon =
• ;

• ;
• 0.002116 gr/m3 O3 = 2.11 mg/m3 O3
Sebaliknya
• 2 mg/m3 O3 = ..? ppm
• ;

• ;
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• 0.000000945 m3/1 m3 udara = 0.945 ppm
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