EM 212 – Statistical Method

ANALYSIS OF
VARIANCE
Presented by:
Ms. Jessica Ilene S. Capinig
Ms. Liezel C. Mendoza
 After this session, we should
OBJECTIVES:
 Identify when, and be able, to carry
out a one way analysis of variance,
 Identify when, and be able, to carry
out a two way analysis of variance,
and
 Appreciate the need of analysing
data from more than two samples.

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  ANalysis Of VAriance
 ANOVA is a statistical method
used to test differences between
three or more means.
 ANOVA can only be used if the
response variable is quantitative; it
WHAT IS THE will not work for qualitative
ANALYSIS OF responses.
VARIANCE?

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  It should be in place in order to
make the results of calculations
completely trustworthy. They
include:
(i) Subjects are chosen via a simple
random sample.
(ii) Within each group/population, the
ASSUMPTION response variable is normally
distributed.
S OF ANOVA (iii) While the population means may
be different from one group to the next,
the population standard deviation is the
same for all groups.

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 Determines means of more
than 3 independent group
significantly different from one
another.

ONE WAY
ANOVA

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  Example:
What temperature is the ideal to take
the exam?

Hypothesis
Ho: The means of all groups under
ONE WAY consideration are equal.

ANOVA H1: The means are not all equal.

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 WHAT TEMPERATURE IS THE IDEAL TO
TAKE THE EXAM?
15 25 35
4 8 2
7 6 2
5 7 3
3 6 4
5 5 1
Total:

Grand Total:

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 WHAT TEMPERATURE IS THE IDEAL TO
TAKE THE EXAM?
15 25 35
4 8 2 16 64 4
7 6 2 49 36 4
5 7 3 25 49 9
3 6 4 9 36 16
5 5 1 25 25 1
Total: 24 32 12 124 210 34
Grand Total: 68 368

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WHAT TEMPERATURE IS THE IDEAL TO
TAKE THE EXAM?
= 24
15 25 35 = 32 =5
4 8 2 16 64 4 = 12 =5
7 6 2 49 36 4 = 124 =5
5 7 3 25 49 9 = 210
3 6 4 = 34 N = 15
9 36 16
5 5 1 25 25 1
= 68 k=3
24 32 12 124 210 34
= 368
68 368

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WHAT TEMPERATURE IS THE IDEAL TO
TAKE THE EXAM?
SS
Between
Treatments
Within
Treatments
Total

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 STEP 1:  Determine the correction factor by using the
formula:

= 24 C.F. = =
= 32 =5
= 12 =5 C.F. =
= 124 =5
= 210 C.F. =
= 34 N = 15
C.F. = 308.27
= 68 k=3
= 368

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 STEP 2:  Determine the Total Sum of Squares:

= 24 =
= 32 =5
= 12 =5 = 368 – 308.27
= 124 =5
= 210 = 59.73
= 34 N = 15

= 68 k=3
= 368

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WHAT TEMPERATURE IS THE IDEAL TO
TAKE THE EXAM?
SS
Between
Treatments
Within
Treatments
Total 59.73

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 STEP 3:  Compute the Sum of Squares between the
groups:

= 24 =
= 32 =5
= 12 =5 =
= 124 =5
= 210 =
= 34 N = 15
=
= 68 k=3 = 348.8 – 308.27
= 368
= 40.53
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WHAT TEMPERATURE IS THE IDEAL TO
TAKE THE EXAM?
SS
Between
Treatments 40.53
Within
Treatments
Total 59.73

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 STEP 4:  Compute the Sum of Squares within the
groups:

= 24 = -
= 32 =5
= 12 =5 = 59.73 – 40.53
= 124 =5
= 210 = 19.20
= 34 N = 15

= 68 k=3
= 368

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WHAT TEMPERATURE IS THE IDEAL TO
TAKE THE EXAM?
SS
Between
Treatments 40.53
Within
Treatments 19.20

Total 59.73

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 STEP 5:  Compute the Degrees of Freedom:

= 24 For Between the Group:

= 32 =5 =k-1
= 12 =5
=3-1
= 124 =5
= 210 =2
= 34 N = 15

= 68 k=3
= 368

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WHAT TEMPERATURE IS THE IDEAL TO
TAKE THE EXAM?
SS
Between
Treatments 40.53 2
Within
Treatments 19.20

Total 59.73

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 STEP 5:  Compute the Degrees of Freedom:

= 24 For Within the Group:

= 32 =5 =N-k
= 12 =5
= 15 - 3
= 124 =5
= 210 = 12
= 34 N = 15

= 68 k=3
= 368

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WHAT TEMPERATURE IS THE IDEAL TO
TAKE THE EXAM?
SS
Between
Treatments 40.53 2
Within 12
Treatments 19.20

Total 59.73

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 STEP 6:  Compute the mean squares by using the
equation:

= 24 𝑆𝑆 𝐵𝐺
= 32 =5 𝑀𝑆 𝐵𝐺 =
𝑑𝑓 𝐵𝐺
= 12 =5
40.53
= 124 =5 𝑀𝑆 𝐵𝐺 =
= 210 2
= 34 N = 15
𝑀𝑆𝐵𝐺 =20.27
= 68 k=3
= 368

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WHAT TEMPERATURE IS THE IDEAL TO
TAKE THE EXAM?
SS
Between
Treatments 40.53 2 20.27
Within 12
Treatments 19.20

Total 59.73

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 STEP 6:  Compute the mean squares by using the
equation:

= 24 𝑆𝑆𝑊𝐺
= 32 =5 𝑀𝑆 𝑊𝐺 =
𝑑𝑓 𝑊𝐺
= 12 =5
19.20
= 124 =5 𝑀𝑆 𝑊𝐺 =
= 210 12
= 34 N = 15
𝑀𝑆𝑊𝐺=1.60
= 68 k=3
= 368

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WHAT TEMPERATURE IS THE IDEAL TO
TAKE THE EXAM?
SS
Between
Treatments 40.53 2 20.265
Within 12 1.60
Treatments 19.20

Total 59.73

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 STEP 7:  Compute for F-value by using the equation:

= 24 F-value
= 32 =5
= 12 =5
F-value
= 124 =5
= 210
= 34 N = 15 F-value =

= 68 k=3
= 368

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WHAT TEMPERATURE IS THE IDEAL TO
TAKE THE EXAM?
SS
Between
Treatments 40.53 2 20.265 12.67
Within 12 1.60
Treatments 19.20

Total 59.73

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WHAT TEMPERATURE IS THE IDEAL TO
TAKE THE EXAM?

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WHAT TEMPERATURE IS THE IDEAL TO
TAKE THE EXAM?
F RATIO F CRITICAL

12.67 3.89

REJECT Ho
Decision rule:
If the computed f-value < f-critical value at df and level of
significance; Accept Ho; and
If the computed f-value > f-critical value at df and level of
significance; Reject Ho

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 7 STEPS
1. Determine the correction factor by using the formula: C.F. =

2. Determine the Total Sum Squares: =

3. Compute the Sum of Squares between the groups: =

4. Compute the Sum of Squares within the groups: = -

5. Compute the Degrees of Freedom: =k-1 =N-k

6. Compute the mean squares by using the equation: 𝑆𝑆 𝐵𝐺 𝑆𝑆𝑊𝐺
𝑀𝑆 𝐵𝐺 = 𝑀𝑆 𝑊𝐺 =
7. Compute for F-value by using the equation 𝑑𝑓 𝐵𝐺 F-value 𝑑𝑓 𝑊𝐺

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HOW TO COMPUTE ONE WAY
ANNOVA
USING MICROSOFT EXCEL

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WHAT TEMPERATURE IS THE IDEAL TO
TAKE THE EXAM?

Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

WHAT TEMPERATURE IS THE IDEAL TO
TAKE THE EXAM?

Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

WHAT TEMPERATURE IS THE IDEAL TO
TAKE THE EXAM?

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 Two-way ANOVA allows to
compare population means when
the populations are classified
according to two (categorical)
factors.

TWO-WAY
ANOVA

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  Example:
Is there an effect the noise to the score
of pupils?

Hypothesis
Ho: There is no effect of one variable
on the another.
TWO WAY
ANOVA

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IS THERE AN EFFECT THE NOISE TO THE
SCORE OF PUPILS?
Student Questions Student Questions Student Questions
X1 X2 X3

1 10 5 8 9 4
2 9 6 4 10 3
3 6 7 6 11 6
4 7 8 7 12 4

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IS THERE AN EFFECT THE NOISE TO THE
SCORE OF PUPILS?
3 Major things to study:

1. Does noise has an effect on the marks of students scores?

2. Does gender of students has effect on marks?

3. Does gender affects how a student reacts to noise?

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IS THERE AN EFFECT THE NOISE TO THE
SCORE OF PUPILS?
Low Noise

Male 10 7 4
12 9 5
11 8 6
9 12 5
Female 12 13 6
13 15 6
10 12 4
13 12 4

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IS THERE AN EFFECT THE NOISE TO THE
SCORE OF PUPILS?
Low Noise Row
X1 X2 X3 Total
Male 10 100 7 49 4 16 R1 =
12 144 9 81 5 25 98
11 121 8 64 6 36
9 81 12 144 5 25
Female 12 144 13 169 6 36 R2 =
13 169 15 225 6 36 120
10 100 12 144 4 16
13 169 12 144 4 16
Total: 90 1028 88 1020 40 206
G.T.: = 218 = 2254
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 STEP 1:  Determine the correction factor by using the
formula:
a=8
C.F. = =
b = 12 = 218
R1 = 98 = 2254 C.F. =
R2 = 120
= 90 C.F. =
= 88
= 40 C.F. = 1980.17
= 1028
= 1020
= 206
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 STEP 2:  Determine the Total Sum Squares:

a=8
=
b = 12 = 218
R1 = 98 = 2254 = 2254 - 1980.17
R2 = 120 C.F. = 1980.17
= 90 = 273.83
= 88
= 40
= 1028
= 1020
= 206
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 STEP 3:  Determine the Total Sum Squares of Column:
(Noise)
a=8 =
b = 12 = 218
R1 = 98 = 2254 =
R2 = 120 C.F. = 1980.17
= 90 = 273.83 =
= 88
= 40 =
= 1028 = 2180.50 = 200.33
= 1020
= 206
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 STEP 4:  Determine the Total Sum Squares of Column:
(Gender)
a=8 =
b = 12 = 218
R1 = 98 = 2254 =
R2 = 120 C.F. = 1980.17
= 90 = 273.83 =
= 88 = 200.33
= 40 =
= 1028 = 2000.33 = 20.16
= 1020
= 206
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 STEP 5:  Determine the Sum of Squares within groups (

Low Noise Row Total M/Low = 42

X1 X2 X3
M/Med = 36
Male 10 7 4 R1 = 98
12 9 5 M/Loud = 20
11 8 6 F/Low = 48
9 12 5
F/Med = 52
Female 12 13 6 R2 = 120 F/Loud = 20
13 15 6
10 12 4 r=6
13 12 4
Total: 90 88 40

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 STEP 5:  Determine the Sum of Squares within groups (

C.F. = 1980.17 =
= 273.83
= 200.33 =
= 20.16
=
M/Low = 42
M/Med = 36 =
M/Loud = 20
=
F/Low = 48 =16.33
F/Med = 52
F/Loud = 20
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r=6
STEP 6:
Determine the Residual Sum of Squares (SSE)
(Error)

= SST – SSC – SSR - SSG

=273.83 – 200.33 – 20.16- 16.33

= 37

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 Make a Table
Source Degress of
Freedom
Sum Mean of Sum F Ratio
of of Squares F = MSSx
STEP 7:
(df) Squar MSSx = SS
e df MSSE
(SS)
C - No. of Columns ( Noise Categories) = 3
R – No. of Rows ( Student Categories ) = 2
Noise 200 MSSc = 100 48.73 N – Total no. of Students = 24
( C-1) =2 n – no. of students in a group = 4

Gender 20 MSSr = 20 9.81

(R-1) =1
Interactio 16.33 MSSg = 8.165 3.97
( C-1) x (R-1)
n =2
Residual 37 MSSe = 2.06
C x R x (n-1)
= 18
Total 59.25
(N-1) = 23
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 Compare the Ratio
Sourc Degress F Ratio F critical at
STEP 8:
of F = MSSx
e Freedom MSSE
(df)
48.73 F(2,18) = 3.55
( C-1) =2
Noise
9.81 F(1,18) = 4.41
(R-1) =1
Gende
r
Intera 3.97
( C-1) x
ction (R-1) =2
F(2,18) = 3.55
Resid C x R x (n-
1) = 18
ual
Total (N-1) =
23
Therefore:
For Noise

As F cal. F crit., we REJECT Ho. Hence noise does have significance effect on marks
obtained.

For Gender

As F cal F crit. , we REJECT Ho. Hence gender does have significant effect on
marks obtained.

For Interaction

As F cal F crit.,we REJECT Ho. Hence different genders behave differently to

noise.

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HOW TO COMPUTE TWO WAY
ANNOVA
USING MICROSOFT EXCEL

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 IS THERE ARE EFFECT THE NOISE TO THE
SCORE OF PUPILS?

Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

 IS THERE ARE EFFECT THE NOISE TO THE
SCORE OF PUPILS?

Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

 IS THERE ARE EFFECT THE NOISE TO THE
SCORE OF PUPILS?

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Let’Tr
y
A consumer organization was interested in determining whether any difference existed in the
average life of three different brands of MP3 players. A random sample of three batteries of
each was tested. Using the data in the table, at the 0.05 level of significance, is there evidence
of a difference in the average life of these three brands of MP3 player batteries?

Brand 1 Brand 2 Brand 3

12 19 20
10 17 19
18 12 21
15 14 23

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