MEASURES OF CENTRAL

TENDENCY
 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
• Is a summary statistic used to represent the population.
• The three most common are Mean, Median, and Mode.
 UNGROUPED – MEAN
• Denoted by x̄
• Is affected by extremes in the scores
σ𝑁
𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖
𝑥=
𝑁
Where
x̄ = the mean
N = the total number of observations
xi = the observations
 UNGROUPED – MEAN
Example
The following are the time records for Mr. John in doing a 50m dash:
(in seconds)
7.02 7.19 6.59 7.24 7.05 6.45 6.54
What is the average time that Mr. John takes to spring 50m?

7.02𝑠 + 7.19𝑠 + 6.59𝑠 + 7.24𝑠 + 7.05𝑠 + 6.45𝑠 + 6.54𝑠

𝑥= ≈ 6.87𝑠
7
 UNGROUPED – MEDIAN
• Denoted by Md
• Takes the midpoint of an array of numbers of observations
• Takes the middle value in an arranged score
• In even number of observations (N=even no.), the median is calculated by
getting the average of the two middle values.
 UNGROUPED – MEDIAN
Find the median of the test scores in Physics of freshmen.
72 39 59 60 49 70 68 12 54 60 24 48

Arrange the test scores in ascending order (lowest to highest).

12 24 39 48 49 54 59 60 60 68 70 72

54 + 59
𝑀𝑑 = = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟓
2
 UNGROUPED – MODE
• The mode is the observation which appears the most number of times in a
distribution.
Example
What is the mode of the color of flowers in a certain plant?
(R=Red, B=Blue, Y=Yellow G=Green)
B B Y G B R Y G R B Y G R
G Y R B Y B G G B R B Y B
B=9 Y=6 G=6 R=5
Mode is Blue with 9 observations
 UNGROUPED – PRACTICE
1.) The following are John’s scores in his Math exam:
90/100 40/55 50/66 80/90 12/15 120/135

What is the mean percentage of his score?

90 40 50 80 12 120
+ + + + +
𝑥 = 100 55 66 90 15 135 𝑥100% ≈ 82.71%
6
 UNGROUPED – PRACTICE
2.) As a side job, Edd sells baked pastries every weekday to earn pocket money. Last
Monday, he earned P145.50; Tuesday: P129.50; Wednesday: P165.00. On a rainy
Saturday, his record book got wet making the entries for Thursday and Friday
unreadable. He remembered that he earned P35 more on Friday than on Thursday. If
the average earnings he got that week was P160, how much did he earn on
Thursday? Friday?
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑠𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 + 35 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑦

145.5 + 129.50 + 165.00 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 35

160 = 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 = 𝑥 + 35
5
= 162.5 + 35
800 = 2𝑥 + 475
𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 = 197.5
𝑥 = 162.5
 UNGROUPED – PRACTICE
3.) What is the midpoint of data given below?
26 58 59 12 105 71 68 205 70 35 80 165 44 145 41 99

Solution: Arrange from least to greatest

12 26 35 41 44 58 59 68 70 71 80 99 105 145 165 205
Sample size = 16
68 + 70
Midpoint = = 69
2
 UNGROUPED – PRACTICE
4.) What is the most occurring number? Number Frequency
5 3 4 5 3 3 5 6 7 1 2
2 4
8 4 3 2 1 5 6 2 5
3 4
7 4 2 4 5 2 1 5 6
4 4
5 7
6 3
7 2
8 1
Therefore, the
mode is 5
 UNGROUPED – PRACTICE

5.) What number best represents the given set of numbers?

109 110 132 129 127 129 125 126 130 132 140 114 119
Solution:
-In this data set, we use the mean because there are no extreme values and
there are no highly re-occurring numbers.
109 + 110 + 132 + 129 + 127 + 129 + 125 + 126 + 130 + 132 + 140 + 114 + 119
Mean =
13
Mean = 124.77
 GROUPED – MEAN
σ𝑁𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖
𝑥=
𝑁
Where
x̄̄ = the mean
N = the total number of observations
xi = classmark
fi = frequency
 GROUPED – MEAN
Age of Patients of Hospital ABC

Age f X fX
60-68 1 64 64
51-59 2 55 110
42-50 3 46 138
33-41 2 37 152
24-32 20 28 560
15-23 5 19 95
6-14 3 10 30

σ 𝑓𝑋 = 1,119
𝑁 = 36
1,119
𝑥= 36
= 31.08
 GROUPED – MEDIAN
𝑁
2 −≺ 𝐶𝐹𝑏
𝑀𝑑 = 𝐿𝑀𝑑 + 𝑖
𝑓𝑀𝑑
Where
Md = median
N = no. of observations
LMd = lower boundary of the lower limit of the median class
<CFb = less than cumulative frequency below the median class
FMd = frequency of the median class
i = class width
To calculate the median class, get the value of N/2 and look for the <CF which is
nearest but not less than N/2.
 GROUPED – MEDIAN
Age of Patients in Hospital ABC
Age f X fX <CF
60-68 1 64 64 36
51-59 2 55 110 35
42-50 3 46 138 33
33-41 2 37 152 30
24-32 20 28 560 28
15-23 5 19 95 8
6-14 3 10 30 3

N/2 = 36/2 = 18. The median class is 24-32. This means that the median is
found within this interval.
 GROUPED – MEDIAN
Age of Patients in Hospital ABC
Age f X fX <CF
60-68 1 64 64 36
51-59 2 55 110 35
42-50 3 46 138 33
33-41 2 37 152 30
24-32 20 28 560 28
15-23 5 19 95 8
6-14 3 10 30 3

𝑁
N/2 = 18 LMd = 23.5 fMd = 20 − ≺ 𝐶𝐹𝑏
𝑀𝑑 = 𝐿𝑀𝑑 + 2 𝑖
i=9 <CFb = 8 𝑓𝑀𝑑
 GROUPED – MEDIAN
Age of Patients in Hospital ABC
Age f X fX <CF
60-68 1 64 64 36
51-59 2 55 110 35
42-50 3 46 138 33
33-41 2 37 152 30
24-32 20 28 560 28
15-23 5 19 95 8
6-14 3 10 30 3

N/2 = 18 LMd = 23.5 fMd = 20 18 − 8

𝑀𝑑 = 23.5 + 9 = 28
i=9 <CFb = 8 20
 GROUPED – MODE
∆1
𝑀𝑜 = 𝐿𝑀𝑜 + 𝑖
∆1 + ∆2
Where
Mo = Modal class; class with highest frequency
LMo = lower boundary of the lower limit of the modal class
∆1 = difference between the frequencies of the modal class and the class preceding
it
∆2 = difference between the frequencies of the modal class and the class after it
i = class width
 GROUPED – MODE
Age of Patients in Hospital ABC
Age f X
60-68 1 64
51-59 2 55
42-50 3 46
33-41 2 37
24-32 20 28
15-23 5 19
6-14 3 10

∆1 = 20 − 5 = 15 ∆1
∆2 = 20 − 2 = 18 𝑀𝑜 = 𝐿𝑀𝑜 + 𝑖
∆1 + ∆2
 GROUPED – MODE
Age of Patients in Hospital ABC
Age f X
60-68 1 64
51-59 2 55
42-50 3 46
33-41 2 37
24-32 20 28
15-23 5 19
6-14 3 10

∆1 = 20 − 5 = 15 15
∆2 = 20 − 2 = 18 𝑀𝑜 = 23.5 + 9 = 27.59
15 + 18
 EXERCISE
Score of Students in a Math Exam
Score f X fX
91-95 4
86-90 14
81-85 25
76-80 36
71-75 20
66-70 5
61-65 1

Solve for Mean, Median, and Mode.

MEASURES OF POSITION
 MEASURES OF POSITION
• Gives the position a particular data value has in a given set of data
• Fractiles: Quartiles, Percentiles, Deciles
• Quartiles divide the data into four equal parts.
• Deciles divide the data into ten equal parts.
• Percentiles divide the data into 100 equal parts.
 MEASURES OF POSITION
(UNGROUPED)
𝑘
𝑃𝑘 = 𝑁
𝑇
Where
• P = position
• N = no. of observations
• k = kth position
• T = total no. of equal parts

Quartiles have a T of 4
Deciles have a T of 10
Percentiles have a T of 100
 MEASURES OF POSITION
(UNGROUPED)
Steps:
1. Arrange data from lowest to highest
2. Solve for the position
3. For Fractional positions:
• Apply interpolation
Example: Find Q3

21 35 38 45 47 57 68 70 100 112

3 68 + 70
𝑃𝑘 = 10 = 7.5𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑁75 = = 69
4 2
 MEASURES OF POSITION
(GROUPED)
𝑘
𝑁 −≺ 𝐶𝐹𝑏
𝑁𝑘 = 𝐿𝑘 + 𝑇 𝑖
𝑓𝑘
Where
Nk = data in the kth position
N = no. of observations
T = total number of parts
Lk = lower boundary of the lower limit of the kth class
<CFb = less than cumulative frequency below the kth class
Fk = frequency of the kth class
i = class width
𝑘
Note: To get the kth class, find its position via 𝑃𝑘 = 𝑁
𝑇
 MEASURES OF POSITION
(GROUPED)
Weight of 60 pieces of Jackfruits sold in Mall B
Weight (lbs) No. of Pieces <cf
40-54 10 10
45-59 6 16
50-54 17 33
55-59 23 56
60-64 4 60
Find Q1
𝑘 1
𝑃𝑘 = 𝑁 = 60 = 15𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑘
𝑇 4 𝑁 𝑇 −≺ 𝐶𝐹𝑏 15 − 10
𝑁𝑘 = 𝐿𝑘 + 𝑖 = 44.5 + 5 ≈ 48.67
𝑓𝑘 6
 EXERCISE

1.) 105 87 90 85 95 86 88 84 45 96
85 74 76 102 107 110 98 57 109
Find P50, D4, D1, Q3

2.) Find Median, D3, P73, P99

Score f <Cf
91-95 4
86-90 14
81-85 25
76-80 36
71-75 20
66-70 5
61-65 1
MEASURES OF VARIATION
 RANGE
• simplest form of variation
• Subtract the lowest score from the highest score

Example:
A group of scientists went on an expedition to the mountain range in Sierra Madre,
Philippines to study the different species of plants existing in the area. The ages of
the scientists are 34, 35, 45, 56, 32, 25, and 40. What is the range of their age?
Highest score = 56
Lowest score = 25
Range = 56 – 25 = 31
 MEAN ABSOLUTE DEVIATION
• Indicates the position of each observation relative to the mean
of the set of data.
• Formula:
σ|𝑥−𝑥|ҧ
• MAD =
𝑁
x = score
𝑥ഥ = mean score
N = total number of data
 MEAN ABSOLUTE DEVIATION
• Steps:
1. Calculate the mean.
2. Subtract each score from the mean.
3. Find the absolute value of each difference.
4. Add all the absolute value of the differences.
5. Divide the sum with the total number of data.
 MEAN ABSOLUTE DEVIATION
• Example: Find the MAD of the ages of the scientists in the previous example
34 + 35 +45 + 56 + 32 + 25 + 40
Mean: 𝑥ഥ = = 38.14
7
X ഥ
X-𝒙 |X - 𝒙ഥ |

34 -4.14 4.14
35 -3.14 3.14
45 6.86 6.86 𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿 53.14
56 17.86 17.86 MAD = = = 𝟕. 𝟓𝟗
𝑁 7
32 -6.14 6.14
25 -13.14 13.14
40 1.86 1.86
TOTAL 53.14
 VARIANCE AND STANDARD
DEVIATION

• Looks at how far a number is from the mean

σ x − 𝒙ഥ 2
• Variance: 𝞼2 = 𝑁
σ x − 𝒙ഥ 2
• Standard deviation: σ =
𝑁
 VARIANCE AND STANDARD
DEVIATION
• Steps:
1. Calculate the mean.
2. Subtract the mean from each score.
3. Square each difference between the score and the mean.
4. Add all the differences.
5. Divide the sum with the number of data
 VARIANCE AND STANDARD
DEVIATION
X ഥ
X-𝒙 ഥ )2
(X -𝒙
34 -4.14 17.14
35 -3.14 9.86
45 6.86 47.06
56 17.86 318.98
32 -6.14 37.70
25 -13.14 172.66
40 1.86 3.46
TOTAL 606.86

σ x − 𝒙ഥ 2 606.86
𝞼 = 9.31
𝞼2 = = = 86.7
𝑁 7