Makran Accretionary Zone

Makran accretionary zone (continued)

North Makran is an imbrication of partly metamorphic, oceanic and
continental terranes with their sedimentary covers. The ophiolites are
formed in a marginal basin.
Inner Makran Eocene-Mid-Miocene swallowing-up marine
deposits. The Inner Makran exposes several thrust sheets.
Outer Makran Early and Middle Miocene deposits. The oldest
deposits in the Outer Makran are Early Miocene marls and shales with
thin calcareous sandstones.
Coastal Makran Late Miocene-Pleistocene deposits.
Offshore Pakistan, Kakar
Khurasan Basin and CF
PAKISTAN OFFSHORE
The Pakistan Offshore extends from Rann of Cutch to the Iranian border
(near Gwadar to Pasni). It comprises two distinct structural and
sedimentary basins, the Indus and Makran Offshore Basins, which are
separated by the Murray Ridge. This ridge is an extension (northern) of
the Owen Fracture Zone and forms the boundary between Indian and
Arabian plates (OFZ).
Makran Offshore
This zone is characterized by relatively narrow shelf and slope which
form the northern margin of the Gulf of Oman Abyssal Plain. In this
region the Arabian plate is being subducted beneath Makran and the
subduction zone is located near the base of the continental slope.
Seismic profiles indicate that the sediment pile on the Makran
continental margin is about 5 km thick
Only the upper 2.5 km of the sedimentary sequence is folded and
forms a decollement zone. As revealed by offshore drilling, most of this
sequence consists of Early Miocene and younger sediments
Indus Offshore
This region lies between the Murray Ridge and the Indian Coast. It is
characterized by a wide shelf and slope comprised of the vast Indus
Fan.
It is comprised of two main structural zones, the Indus platform zone
to the east and the Indus depression to the west.
The Indus Offshore basin contains a thick sedimentary sequence
ranging from Cretaceous to Recent. Seismic profiles of this region
indicate gently dipping structures with abundant normal faults
KAKAR KHORASAN FLYSCH BASIN
AND MAKRAN ACCRETIONARY ZONE
These two tectonic zones form separate and distinct structural units
northwest and west of the Sulaiman-Kirthar fold-and-thrust belt,
separated by the Chaman Ornach-Nal Transform Fault Zone.
The Kakar Khorasan Basin lies to the north of Zhob ophiolite and-thrust
belt. As part of the large Katawaz Basin, it extends southwards from
near Kabul to Zhob and links up with the Makran Basin.
The Kakar Khorasan Basin is bound to the south by the Zhob fault and
to the east by Shinghar-Chukhan Manda Fault. Westward it is
terminated by the Chaman Fault.
It is filled by 4 to 6 km thick sequence of flysch, deltaic and molasse
type sediments.
(Flysch is a sequence of sedimentary rock layers that progress from
deep-water and turbidity flow deposits to shallow-water shales and
sandstones. It is deposited when a deep basin forms rapidly on the
continental side of a mountain building episode)
Eocene Nisai Limestone and Oligocene to Miocene Khojak Flysch are
exposed in the Kakar Khorasan Basin. This sequence has been thrust
southward over the Zhob Ophiolites. The flysch is capped by Pliocene
or younger molasse. This sequence forms broad synclines and tight
anticlines cut by reverse faults. The folds form a part of the Sulaiman
oroclinal flexure.
The Chaman Fault
The Chaman Fault is a major left-lateral strike-slip active fault that has
been the site of moderate to large earthquakes. This fault extends
northward from Kharan to Kabul for 850 km and is considered as the
western boundary of the Indian plate. In Pakistan the fault marks the
boundary between the Chagai magmatic arc to the west and the
Khojak flysch basin to the east.
The Chaman Fault
In the Chaman area the fault is characterized by a kilometre wide zone
of fault-gouge and tcctonic mélange. It contains clasts of volcanic rocks
from Chagai region and limestone clasts from Kharan Formation, mafic-
ultramafic rocks and sheared granitic rocks derived from Tezha area.
The active fault splays out into several smaller faults. According to
Lawrence et al. (1981), there has been 450 km of left lateral motion
along the Chaman Fault.
R L
Gondwanian Domain
Gondwanian Domain
• Indus Basement
• Indus platform and foredeep
• Forland sedimentary fold belt
• Margalla Kalachitta thrust belt
• Ophiolitic thrust belt
• Bela Ophiolitic belt
• Zhob-Waziristan ophiolitic thrust belt.
Indus Basement,
About 870 million years old Precambrian basement rocks crop out in
the Sargodha-Shahkot region. These are the exposed summits of the
buried Sargodha-Shahkot ridge, which is the northwest extension of the
Indian Peninsular Shield. It is largely comprised of metasediments
(phyllites and quartzites) and metavolcanics of the Kirana Group. The
Kirana Group sequence contains beds of magnetite-hematite with
traces of gold.
WELLS* which have drilled basement.
Indus Basement,
Basement rocks also crop out in the Nagar Parkar region, in the
southeast corner of Pakistan. These are largely in the form of small
scattered hillocks. In this region Late Proterozoic granites intrude a
basement comprised of mafic rocks. This sequence is known as the
Nagar Parkar Igneous Complex.
Group Formation Description
Sharaban Sharaban Conglomerate Conglomerate containg pebbles of
quartzite,slateand limestone embedded in
calcareous matrix.

Hadda Quartzite Dull rusty brown, fine-grained quartzite

Asianwala Quartzite Light gray to dirty white, mottled brown,
Kirana medium to coarse grained quartzite

Taguwali Phyllites Light gray phyllites with minor intercalations

of quartzite

Hacchi Volcanics Slates, minor quartzite with abundant tuff

and lava flow of acidic composition

Stratigraphic column of Kirana hills (Alam, 1987)

 Group Formation Description

Sharaban formation Conglomerats with slate intercalations.

Hadda formation Calcareous quartzites

Machh super group
Asianwala formation Mainly quartzites with subordinate
quartzwackes/ arenaceous slates,gritty quartzites
and slates, often showingcross bedding and ripple
marks

Tuguwaliu formation Slates, fine-grained quartzwackes/ arenaceous

slates

Chak 112 Conglomerates Polymict conglomerate with clasts of dolerite and

acid volcanics

Volcanogenic slates Often interbedded with rhyolite/ rhyolitic tuff and

Hacchi group dolerite

Volcanics Dolerites, andesites, dacites, dacitic tuff, rhyolites

and rhyolitic tuff

. Stratigraphic classification of Kirana area (Chaudhry et al., 1999).

Indus platform and foredeep
a platform is a continental area covered by relatively flat or gently tilted,
mainly sedimentary strata, which overlie a basement of consolidated
igneous or metamorphic rocks of an earlier deformation. Platforms,
shields and the basement rocks together constitute cratons.
foredeep A basin adjacent to a craton which is filled with a thick
accumulation of sediment derived from an orogenic belt during uplift.
The sediments are typically non-marine to shallow-marine and commonly
suffer deformation within a few million years of deposition.
Craton, the stable interior portion of a continent characteristically
composed of ancient crystalline basement rock.
Indus platform and foredeep
This zone covers the foot-hill regions of the Kirthar and Sulaiman
ranges, the Indus Plain and the Cholistan and Thar Deserts. It is
underlain by the continental crust and the crystalline rocks of the
Peninsular shield overlain by a thick sequence of platform-type, shallow
water Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary rocks, capped by
Quaternary alluvium. Oil exploration wells drilled in the northern part
of the platform show that the Precambrian to Cambrian sediments
overlie the crystalline sequence (Basement).
Indus platform and foredeep
In the platform zone the sedimentary sequence slopes gently westward
and in the foredeep region it forms broad, gentle folds with N-S axes.
The folds are
commonly affected by strike faults. The basement is also extensively
traversed by faults (THICK SKINNED), contains horst and graben
structures and ancient rift valleys.
Foreland sedimentary fold-belt
This belt forms the hill-ranges west and north of the Indus Plain
(Potwar Plateau, Salt Range, Trans-Indus Ranges, Sulaiman Range,
Kirthar Range). It is characterised by a thick shallow-water sequence of
Mesozoic to Cenozoic pericratonic shelf carbonates, neritic shales and
volcanics, interlayered marine and continental deposits and Neogene
molasse.
In the Salt Range, however, Precambrian to Cambrian and
Permian sedimentary rocks also crop out. The entire sedimentary
sequence of this fold-belt is interrupted by several unconformities. The
rocks form simple, large anticlines and synclines, traversed by high-
angle faults.
 Age Group/Formation

Central Indus Basin Stratigraphy Pleistocene Lei Conglomerate

(Suleiman Sub-basin) Pliocene Siwalik Nagri to Soan Formation

Group
Miocene Momani Gaj Formation
Group
Oligocene Chitrawata Formation
Age Group/Formation Eocene Drazinda Formation
Cretaceous Moro Formation Pirkoh Formation
Pab Sandstone Domanda Formation
Fort Munro Formation Habib Rahi Formation
Mona Jhal Mughal Kot Formation Ghazij Baska Shales
Group Group
Parh Limestone Toi Formation
Goru Formation Drug Formation
Sember Formation Shaheed Ghat Formation
Jurasic Mazar Drik Formation
Takatu Formation (Chiltan Formation)
Paleocene Dungan Formation
Alozai Loralai Formation
Group
Spingwar Formation
Ferozabad Anjira Formation
Group
Shirinab Formation
Triassic Khanozai Wulgai Formation
Group
 Age Group/Formation

Lower Indus Basin Stratigraphy Pleistocene Lei Conglomerate

Pliocene Siwalik Nagri to Soan Formation
(Kirthar Sub-basin) Group
Miocene Momani Gaj Formation
Group
Oligocene Nari Formation
Eocene Kirthar Formation
Age Group/Formation Laki Formation
Cretaceous Moro Formation Paleocene Ranikot Lakhra Formation
Pab Sandstone Group
Bara Formation
Fort Munro Formation
Khadro Formation
Mona Jhal Mughal Kot Formation
Group
Parh Limestone
Goru Formation
Sember Formation
Jurasic Mazar Drik Formation
Takatu Formation (Chiltan Formation)
Alozai Loralai Formation
Group
Spingwar Formation
Ferozabad Anjira Formation
Group
Shirinab Formation
Triassic Khanozai Wulgai Formation
Group
Foreland sedimentary basin
 Assignment 1
Fragments of Tethyan Domain in Pakistan and their Geological
Borders
(200 to 300 words
And one map with reference)
5/100 marks
Date assigned: 29-10-2020
Submission date: 07-11-2020
LMS.