Week 5

Buckling
• When P<PCr the column is in stable equilibrium
• When P=Pcr the column buckles, into new
stable equilibrium state
• Stable—A small action produces a small effect.
• Unstable—A small action produces a large effect
• From the free body diagram-

• Substitute to get
• the differential equation that dictates the deflected shape of an ideal pin-
ended column.
• This equation is a homogeneous second-order ordinary differential equation
with constant coefficients that has boundary conditions of v(0)=0 and v(L)=0.
Simplifying the differential equation
• See slides 4-7
• Load P, n= integer multiples, L= length,
• Critical buckling load= smallest load causing buckling

• Deflected shape of the buckled column

Euler buckling stress
• Buckling stress-

• Radius of gyration-

• Buckling occurs about the axis of minimum second moment of area

(minimum radius of gyration) (moment of inertia I replaced by Ar2)

L/r is the slenderness ratio

• Euler buckling= elastic, only valid when critical stress is less than the
Effect of end conditions- effective length
• K= effective length factor

• KL/r is the effective-slenderness ratio.

The column in Figure 16.7d is fixed at one end and free at the other end; consequently, the column
has 0 internal bending moment only at the free end. Mirror image visualized below the fixed end so
the effective length between points of zero moment twice the actual length of the column (Le = 2L).
 E=200 Gpa
Yield Strength of the steel = 450 MPa
𝑦 𝑐=
∑ ( 𝑦 𝑖 𝐴𝑖 )
∑𝐴
( 5 × 70 × 10 )+ [ ( 10+100 ) × ( 200 × 20 ) ] +[ ( 10+ 200+5 ) × ( 10 × 150 ) ]
𝑦 𝑐=
( 70 × 10 ) + ( 20 × 200 ) +( 150× 10)
3500+ 440000+ 322500
𝑦 𝑐= 𝒚 𝒄 =𝟏𝟐𝟑 . 𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎
6200

3
𝑏𝑖 𝑑𝑖
( )( )( )
3 3 3
10× 70 200 × 20 10 × 150
𝐼 𝑦 =∑
2
+ 𝐴 𝑖 𝑘𝑖 ¿ 12
+0 +
12
+0 +
12
+0
12
𝑰 𝒚 =𝟑𝟐𝟑𝟏𝟔𝟔𝟔 . 𝟔𝟕 𝒎𝒎𝟒
3
𝑑 𝑖 𝑏𝑖 2+
𝐼 𝑧 =∑ + 𝐴𝑖 h 𝑖
12

𝑰 𝒛 =𝟑𝟔𝟒𝟔𝟖𝟔𝟎𝟐 .𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝒎 𝟒
𝒚 𝒄 =𝟏𝟐𝟑 . 𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎 𝑰 𝒚 =𝟑𝟐𝟑𝟏𝟔𝟔𝟔 . 𝟔𝟕 𝒎𝒎𝟒 𝑰 𝒛 =𝟑𝟔𝟒𝟔𝟖𝟔𝟎𝟐 .𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝒎 𝟒

𝑰 𝒚 <𝑰𝒛

Buckling would occur around y axis

Fixed in ground and free at the top

𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼 𝜋 2 ×200000 ×3231666.67
𝑃 𝑐𝑟 = 2 𝑃 𝑐𝑟 = 3 2
𝑷 𝒄𝒓 =𝟏𝟕𝟕𝟏𝟗𝟓 𝑵=𝟏𝟕𝟕. 𝟐 𝒌𝑵
4𝐿 4 ×(3 ×10 )

𝑃 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙 = 450 ×[ ( 150 × 10 ) + ( 20 × 200 ) + ( 70 ×10 ) ]

4
𝑃 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙 =279 ×10 𝑁 =2.79 𝑀𝑁
From Appendix

𝐼 𝑧 =128 × 10 𝑚𝑚
6 4
𝛾 𝑧 =130 𝑚𝑚

𝐼 𝑦 =18.4 ×10 𝑚𝑚
6 4
𝛾 𝑦 =49.3 𝑚𝑚
2 2 6
𝜋 𝐸 𝐼𝑧 𝜋 (200000)(128 × 10 )
𝑃 𝑐𝑟 = 𝑃 𝑐𝑟 = 𝑃 𝑐𝑟 =779821 𝑁 =780 𝑘𝑁
( 𝐾𝐿) 𝑧
2
(2 ×(9 ×1000))2𝑧

The effective slenderness ration for buckling about the strong axis is

( )
𝐾𝐿
𝑟 𝑧
=
2 × 9× 1000
130
=138.5
2 2 6
𝜋 𝐸 𝐼𝑦 𝜋 (200000)(18.4 ×10 )
𝑃 𝑐𝑟 = 𝑃 𝑐𝑟 = 𝑃 𝑐𝑟 =915096 𝑁 =915 𝑘𝑁
( 𝐾𝐿)
2
𝑦
(0.7 ×( 9× 1000))2𝑧

The effective slenderness ration for buckling about the weak axis is

( )
𝐾𝐿
𝑟 𝑧
=
0.7 ×9 ×1000
49.3
=127.8

The critical load for the column is smaller of the two load values

𝑷 𝒄𝒓 =𝟕𝟕𝟗𝟖𝟐𝟏 𝑵=𝟕𝟖𝟎 𝒌𝑵
 The critical load eq is only valid if the stresses
in the column remain elastic

For the structural stress, the proportional

limit is essentially equal to the yield stress
The critical buckling stress will be compared
with the use of the larger of the two
effective slenderness ratios.

2
𝜋 𝐸
𝜎 𝑐𝑟 = 2
𝐾𝐿
( )
𝑟

2
𝜋 (200000)
𝜎 𝑐𝑟 = 2
=102.9 𝑀𝑃𝑎<250
(138.5)
a) L=2.5m=2500mm

𝐼 h
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛= =
√
𝐴 2 √3
Moment of inertia 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎=𝑏h

The minimum radius of gyration is found by using the centroid

axis parallel to the longer side of the rectangle
h 50 𝐿 2500
𝑟= = =140434 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜= = =173.2
2 √3 2 √3 𝑟 14.434

b) E=13GPa for air dried douglas fir 2

𝜋 𝐸𝐴
𝑃 𝑐𝑟 =
( )
2
𝐿
𝑟
2 9
𝜋 ×13 ×10 ×( 0.05 ×0.1)
𝑃 𝑐𝑟 =
( 173.2)2

3
𝑃 𝑐𝑟 =21.385 ×10 𝑁 =21.4 𝑘𝑁
 𝑃 𝑐𝑟
c) Axial stress under the action of buckling load is 𝜎 𝑐𝑟 =
𝐴

21.385 ×10 3 6
𝜎 𝑐𝑟 = 4.277 × 10 𝑁 / 𝑚𝑚
2 𝜎 𝑐𝑟 =4.277 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜎 𝑐𝑟 =
0.05 ×0.1

𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝜎 𝑦 =44 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝜎 𝑐𝑟 4.277
= =0.0972=9.72 %
𝜎𝑦 44

d) 𝑃 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑃 𝑐𝑟
2.5

3
21.385 ×10
𝑃 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2.5

3
𝑃 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =8.55 × 10 𝑁 =8.55 𝑘𝑁
Information:

• Column is fixed-pinned.
Factor for effective length

Determine:
• Minimum thickness, t, of the
tube so that
1) The design of the column is based on the
safety factor so that:

Hence, the the geometry of the column has

to be such, so:

2)
Recall Euler’s critical Second moment of area for
buckling load eq: hollow circular section
3)
Sub term in Euler’s eq

Solve for t:

4) Check validity of Euler’s buckling theory for elastic bukling