MUHAMMAD AHMAD

ROLL NO: 28
TOPIC:- TRACK DIPLOMACY
 TRACK DIPLOMACY:

 Traditionally, the term “diplomacy” referred to

interaction between nation-states.
 More recently, scholars have portrayed precisely several
levels of diplomacy.
 These levels that a Diplomat/Government adopt for
negotiations to solve issues and agreements between two
or more states is Track of Diplomacy.
 Track-1 Diplomacy:

 Refers to official governmental diplomacy.

 Formal negotiations between nations conducted by
professional diplomats.
 Official discussions involving high-level political and military
leaders and focusing on cease-fires, peace talks, treaties and
other agreements.
 Heads of states meet, have hi-tea,
discuss issues and release joint
statements etc.
 Examples of Track-1 Diplomacy
 Informal Consultations:
 States may consult informally and discuss a variety of issues
from energy policy to human rights.
 In 1987, former President of Pakistan Zia-Ul-Haq introduced cricket
diplomacy between India and Pakistan.
 Special Envoy:
 As an appointed senior member of country’s diplomatic corp,
tasked with dealing with only a specific set of issues.
 Ambassador Munir Akram Permanent Representative of Pakistan to
the UN.
 Bilateral Diplomacy:
 The way a pair of countries deals with each other.
 Bilateralism is the relationship between two countries that can
be mutually beneficial in areas of trade, culture and defense.
 Multilateral Diplomacy:
 The cooperation of three or more countries that work toward a common
goal.
 Its actually management of International Relations by negotiations among
three or more states through diplomatic or governmental representatives.
 Peace Negotiations:
 Formal negotiations to resolve conflicts.
 Peace talks between Israel and Palestine.
 Treaties and Agreements:
 Formal agreements between countries that cover a wide range of issues
including trade, environmental protection, etc.
 Crisis Management:
 Diplomatic efforts to resolve international crises, such as Cuban Missile
Crisis.
 Track-1.5 Diplomacy:

 A situation where official and non-official actors cooperate

in conflict resolution.
 It Includes governmental officials and non-governmental
actors (third party), all sitting around the same table.
 The dialogues or meetings engaged by these two are less
formal.
 Example of Track-1.5 Diplomacy:

 Pugwash Conferences:
• Founded in 1957 (Joseph Rotblat and Bertrand Russell).
• The Pugwash Conferences on Science and World
Affairs is an international organization that brings
together scholars and public figures to work toward
reducing the danger of armed conflicts and to seek
solutions to global security threats.
• Won Nobel Peace Prize in 1995.
 Track-2 Diplomacy

 Also named as “Backchannel Diplomacy”

 Non-governmental
 Informal
 And unofficial contacts and activities between private citizens
or groups of individuals.
 Purely unofficial channel for dialogue between non-
governmental experts.
 Without direct governmental
involvement.
 Example of Track-2 Diplomacy:

 Dartmouth Conference:
• Which was instituted in 1959 when U.S. President Dwight
D. Eisenhower asked Norman Cousins to arrange to get
private U.S. and Soviet citizens together to discuss U.S.-
Soviet relations.
• These meetings, initially held at Dartmouth College in
October of 1960, were continued on a regular basis for
more than 29 years, leading to improved U.S.-Soviet
communication and understanding on a wide variety of
issues.