Microwave Transmission

Technology
Part 1

Modul 2

1
Outline
 Microwave product example
 Parameter affecting And Degradation factors
 LOS Planning and Freshnell Zone
 K - factor

2
 Digital Radio
 Long Haul
 >25 km (typically 50-80 km)
 Exceptionally fine visibility required for LOS survey
 Antenna heights typically very high e.g. 60-80 m
 Medium Haul
 10-25 km
 Good visibility required
 Approx. 10 days/month provide right conditions
 Short Haul
 0-10 km
 Visibility unlikely to cause problems esp. 2-5 km
 DMR 38 (3-7 km) ideal for urban links and dense
networks

3
 Microwave radio terminal
Cable
Cable/ /waveguide
waveguideand
andconnectors
connectors Microwave
connect
connectantenna
antennatotomicrowave
microwaveradio.
radio. Caused
Caused
Microwaveradio radiobasically:
basically:
attenuation
attenuationdepends
dependson onfrequency,
frequency,cable
cablelength
lengthand
and ••modulates
modulatesand
andamplifies
amplifiesthe
thesignal
signal=>
=>PPtxtx
type. Approximate examples: ••amplifies
type. Approximate examples: amplifiesand
anddemodulates
demodulatesthethereceived
receivedsignal
signal <=
<=
••connectors:
connectors:- -0,5
0,5dBdB PPrx
rx
••cable
cable : : 22GHz
GHz 66dB dB/ /100m
100m
77GHz
GHz 66dB/100m
dB/100m (wave
(waveguide)
guide)
18
18GHz
GHz19 19dB/100m
dB/100m
ODU

Outdoor
OutdoorUnitUnit
••Generates
Generatesthe
theradio
radiosignal
signal
••Modulates
Modulatesthe
thedata
datainto
intothe
thesignal
signal

Indoor
IndoorUnitUnit IDU
••multiplexes
multiplexesthe
theincoming
incomingsignal
signal
••sends
sendsthe
theconsrtucted
consrtuctedframe
frametotothe
the n * 2 Mbit/s,
outdoor unit
outdoor unit
digital signals
4
Product Example

 IDU of PDH
 1 « cable interface module »
 Common IDU to different
frequency bands
 1U : 2 to 16 x E1
 1+0 and 1+1 configuration
 120 or 75 Ohm tributaries software selectable

5
Diagram Of IDU

Protection Port

Terminal
SLIP/PPP
Ext Alarm

Ethernet

WS
ODU
FANS (x4)
DC
LED+interface module
IDC

WS channel

IDC+Fans Module

ODU
DC -48[V]
Power Supply Carrier A
MUX

STM1/2 Daughter Board B

A
STM1/STM2 C STM1/STM2 To IF
rate K rate channel1
Optional Encryption
module P Modem Board Channel A IF board Channel A
L
A
N
E
STM1/STM2 STM1/STM2 To IF
rate rate channel1
Modem Board Channel B IF board Channel B
MUX

STM1/2 Daughter Board

Optional Encryption DC -48[V]

module Power Supply

Carrier B

6
 ODU Of PDH
ODU
OutDoor Unit

 Capacity agility from 2 to 16 E1

 QPSK modulation
 Integrated antenna in 1+0
configuration
 In 1+1 configuration ODU
includes : 2 transceivers, 2
modem and hitless switching
function
7
 Radio Characteristics
Frequency Bandwidth Max Hop
Band (GHz) (GHz) Length

2 GHz 1.7 - 2.7 ~ 80 km

Long haul
7 GHz 7.1 - 7.7 ~ 50 km

Medium haul 13 GHz 12.75 - 13.25 ~ 40 km

15 GHz 14.40 - 15.35 ~ 35 km

18 GHz 17.7 - 19.7 ~ 20 km

Short haul 23 GHz 21.2 - 23.6 ~ 18 km
26 GHz 25.25 - 27.5 ~ 15 km
38 GHz 36.0 - 40.5 ~ 10 km

8
 Capacity and bandwidth
 Needed bandwidth on the radio path is
proportional to the transmission rate

16x2M

8x2M
Tx
4x2M power

2x2M
3,5 MHz

frequency f1
9
Modulation Methods
 ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying)
 FSK (Frequency Shift Keying)
 PSK (Phase Shift Keying) BPSK,QPSK
 QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)
8-QAM, 16-QAM

10
 Modulation Methods…

BPSK: 1 bit/Hz
QPSK: 2 bit/Hz
16QAM: 4 bit/Hz

11
Parameters Affecting Microwave
Propagation
 Frequency (dispersion, humidity/gas absorption)
 Multipath/ducting
 Atmospheric conditions (refraction)
 Terrain (flatness, type, fresnel zone clearance, diffraction)
 Climatic conditions (rain attenuation, rain zone, temperature)
 Rain attenuation

Requires accurate path profile

12
Multipath
 Multipath occurs when there is more then one beam reaching
the receiver with different amplitude or phase
 Multipath transmission is the main cause of fading in low
frequencies

Direct beam

Delayed beam
13
 Ducting
h
 Ground based duct Thin layer

.
.
Receiver
Transmitter
Dense layer

 Elevated duct
h Thin layer

Thick layer
.
.
Receiver

Transmitter

Thin layer

14
Fading
PRX
Planned
RX level

PRXTH
(BER 10-6)
PRXTH
(BER 10-3)

Time
 Fading caused by rain, multipath,diffraction, etc.

15
Rain

 Rain causes attenuation that has a greater effect than the gaseous
contents
 Attenuation caused by SCATTERING & ABSORPTION

 Effect can be calculated using ITU - R Model and rain rate tables

 Dependent on frequency, polarization and rain intensity and lesser

amount of temperature, drop size distribution, etc.
 Rain has the dominating effect in design in frequencies above about
10 GHz
16
Rain Attenuation Calculation
Principles
The attenuation caused by rain can be calculated by

A0.01= R * r * d

where R is the is the rain attenuation (dB/km),

dependent on frequency, polarisation and
rainfall rate R0.01
r is the reduction factor taking into account that
rainfall rate is not constant over the link
d is the link length

Diffraction and multipath fading play usually a minor role

in short hops in high frequencies

17
Atmospheric attenuation
 Frequencies above about 17 GHz
 0.1 - 0.7 dB/km
 Oxygen and water vapour causes attenuation
 Attenuation caused by oxygen doesn’t have noticeable
effect below 1-2 km (and effect diminishes with altitude)
Also attenuation caused by water vapour diminishes with
altitude
 Values for atmospheric attenuation can be obtained from
ITU-R recommendations P.676-3 and P.836-1

No Atmosphere With Atmosphere

18
 Snow, fog, dust etc.
 Normally no great effect in design
 Snow may occasionally have a distinct effect on attenuation at
frequencies above about 10 GHz. Dry snow causes relatively
small attenuation (it is taken into account in the rain values)
 Thick snow layers on the radomes of the antennas may
contribute most of the extra attenuation
 If the snow or ice only partially cover the radome, it changes the
antenna radiation pattern and may cause deep minima in some
directions, sometimes also to the boresight
 The effect of fog is usually important only at frequencies above
100GHz
 The effect of dust is usually insignificant

19
K - factor
 The k-factor describes the refraction of radio waves in the atmosphere.
 It is used to approximate the radius of the earth when the radio path is
represented as a straight line
m m
800 800 k = 1.33

400 400

m
m
800
800 k= 
400
400

20
Radio Frequency Use
Regional network
1.5 2.5

2
8 3.3 11 GHz
National network
34
Mbit/s Regional and local area network
34
140 2
155 8
Mbit/s 34
140
155
Mbit/s GHz

1 2 3 4 5 8 10 20 30 40 50

21
Radio Path Calculation
(Link Budget)

22
Free space loss
Elecromagnetic
Elecromagneticfield fieldattenuates
attenuates
as
asthe
theelectromagnetic
electromagneticpower
powerisis
 Isotropic antenna radiates power distributed to a larger area:
distributed to a larger area:
evenly in all directions
Loss
Lossofofpower
power==(4r/)
2
(4r/)2
Loss
LossinindB
dB==2020log(4r/)
log(4r/)
andin
rrand inmeters
meters
ororLoss
Loss==92,45
92,45++20log(d)
20log(d)++20log(f)
20log(f)
distance
distanceddininkilometers
kilometers
frequency
frequencyffininGHz
GHz
Free
Freespace
spaceloss:
loss:
distance
distance
f/GHz
f/GHz 2.5
2.5km
km 55km
km 10
10km
km
22 106
106dBdB 112
112dBdB 118
118dB
dB
77 117
117dBdB 123
123dBdB 129
129dB
dB
18
18 125
125dBdB 131
131dBdB 138
138dB
dB
38
38 132
132dB
dB 138
138dBdB 144
144dB
dB
23
Calculation Formulas
FREE
FREE SPACE
SPACE LOSS
LOSS
Free-space loss is given by

Lo  92 . 5  20  log ( d )  20  log ( f )

where Lo is the free-space loss (dB)

d is the hop length (km)
f is the radio frequency (GHz)

24
Typical radiation pattern for microwave link
antenna
30 20 10 0 10 20 30

Major
lobe
-10 Minor
Major lobe
lobes

Relative radiation intensity, dB

40 40

-20

Wide-angle
50 50 radiation
Degrees

-30
60 60
Rearward
Minor lobes
radiation
70 -40 70

80 80 bigger antenna = better orientation

90 90

100 100

110 110
Wide-angle
Rearward radiation
120 radiation 120
130 140 150 160 170 180 170 160 150 140 130 25
Antenna Gain
 Parabolic antenna has good directivity
 Antenna gain depends on
 Antenna diameter
 Frequency
 Antenna shape
 Antenna quality
 Antenna manufacturers give the exact antenna gain in the
technical specification of the antenna
 Antenna gain can be estimated by the following formula.
The gain is given with relation to an isotropic antenna

Ga  20  log( Da )  20  log( f )  17.5

where Ga = the antenna gain (dB)
Da = the antenna diameter (m)
f = the radio frequency (GHz)
26
 Radiopath calculations (loss)
38 dBi
Antenna gain, G Antenna gain, G2 38 dBi
1

Transmit power Received power

dBm dBm
before antenna after antenna
dBm 140 dB dBm
Transmit power Free space loss, Received power
after antenna L0 before antenna
(EIRP) + Atmospheric
attenuation Lat
Cable, connector and
branching loss, L2
2 dB Cable, connector 3 dB
and branching loss,
L1

dBm
Received power, P
Transmit power, PTX 16 dBm RX

-78 dBm
Receive threshold
 Given figures are examples of 5km hop at 38 GHz
dBFade margin
frequency with 30 cm antennas 27
Calculation Formulas
HOP LOSS
The hop loss without fading is calculated as follows

Lho  Lo  Ga1  Ga 2  Lat Lex

where Lho is nonfaded hop loss

Lo is free-space loss
Ga1 and Ga2 are antenna gains

Lex isthe extra attenuation

Lat is
the atmospheric attenuation caused by water
vapour and oxygen.
28
Calculation Formulas
THE
THE FLAT
FLAT FADE
FADE MARGIN
MARGIN
The flat fade margin M of a radio link hop is given
by the following formula

M  Ptx  Lho  Prxth

where M = the fade margin
Ptx = the transmitter output power (dBm)
Lho = hop loss without fading (dB)
Prxth = the threshold power level (dBm) of
the receiver (the influence of
possible interference has been
included)
29
LOS and Fresnel Zone
 Must be a clear Line of Sight (LOS) between two radio antennas
 No obstructions on the radio path which may cause attenuation
 First Fresnel zone to be 100% clear in frequencies above 2 GHz
 Radius of Fresnel zone frequency dependant
 Small obstructions e.g. a single tree may cause noticeable
attenuation if directly on path

line of sight path

first Fresnel zone at 10 GHz

first Fresnel zone at 100 MHz

30
Freshnel Zone Formula

R1 jari-jari fresnell ( dalam meter )

d1d 2
R I  17.3 d1 , d2, dan d jarak ( dalam kilometer )
d.f GHz f frekuensi ( dalam GHz )
R1 jari-jari fresnell ( dalam feet )
d1d 2
R I  72.1 d1 , d2, dan d jarak ( dalam statute mile )
d.f GHz f frekuensi ( dalam GHz )

31
Calculation Exercise
Calculate the fade margin for the following hop:

hop length : 5 km
frequency : 38 GHz
1. antenna size : 30 cm
atmospheric attenuation: 0,234 dB/km
transmit power : 16 dBm
receiver threshold : -76 dBm

No extra attenuation assumed.

How long a hop can be if the fade margin must exceed 40 dB

a) ignore the atmospheric attenuation
2. b) if you reduce the hop length by 100 m and take into account the
atmospheric attenuation, is the fade margin more than 40 dB

32
End

33