CHAPTER 4

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
TOPIC I
 INTRODUCTION

• In this chapter we will discuss on:

• Early models of the atom
• Thomson model
• Rutherford’s model
• Bohr ‘s model
4.1.1 THOMPSON MODEL OF THE ATOM
(1898)
• J. J. Thomson discovered the electron and knew that electrons
could be emitted from matter.
• He proposed the atoms consisted of positively charged spheres
with electrons embedded in it.
• The electrons were like currants in a plum pudding.
• This is called the plum pudding model of the atom
 4.1.2 RUTHERFORD’S MODEL OF THE
ATOM (1911)
• In1911, Ernest Rutherford performed critical experiment that
showed the Thompson’s model is not correct and proposed his
new atomic model
• The Rutherford model gives us an electron orbiting around a
nucleus.
• Ruther ford’s planetary model of the atom as shown in figure
below
 4.1.3 BOHR’S MODEL OF THE
HYDROGEN ATOM (1913)
• Neils Bohr proposed a new atomic model based on hydrogen
atom
• According to Bohr’s Model, he assumes that each electron
moves in a circular orbit which is centred on the nucleus, the
necessary centripetal force being provided by the electrostatic
force of attraction between the positively charged nucleus and
the negatively charged electron
• On this basis he was able to show that the energy of an
orbiting electron depends on the radius of its orbit.
BOHR’S MODEL OF AN ATOM
 4.1.3.1 BOHR ASSUMPTIONS
(POSTULATES)
• Bohr made three assumptions (postulates)
1. The electrons move only in certain circular orbits,
called STATIONARY STATES or ENERGY
LEVELS. When it is in one of these orbits, it
does not radiate energy.
2. The only permissible orbits are those in the
discrete set for which the angular momentum of
the electron equals an integer times h/2π.
 3. Emission or absorption of radiation occurs only
when an electron makes a transition from one
orbit to another.
• The frequency of the emitted radiation is given by

• Where Ef is the final energy state and Ei is the initial energy

state.
• Bohr considered one electron of charge –e and mass m.
• The electron moves in a circular orbit of radius r around a
positively charged nucleus with a velocity v.
4.1.4 EVOLUTION OF ATOMIC
STRUCTURE
 EXCERSICE 1

• Describe the difference in the model of atomic structure