Welcome

To
Our Presentation
 Presented to
Our Respectable Teacher

Md Monir Hossain
Lecturer
Department of Pharmacy
Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University
Tangail 1902, Bangladesh
 Presentation on:

Atomic Structure & Chemical Bond

Course Title : Inorganic Pharmacy I

Course Code : PHAR-1103

 Presented by – Group -3

1.Toma Khanam (PHA-19015)

2.Md Mehedi Hasan Sagor (PHA-19016)
3.Mim Akter Brishti (PHA-19020)
4.Sabbir Ahmed (PHA-19021)
5.Md Hafizur Rahman (PHA-19022)
 Contents :
 Fundamental particles
 Theories of atomic structure
 Rutherford & Bohr atom model & its
limitation
 Quantum numbers
 Pauli’s exclusion principle
 Origin of spectral line
 Electronic concept of valency
 Different types of chemical bond
 Molecular orbital theory of co-valent
bonding
 Fundamental Particle:

The fundamental particle represent the matter that

can not be subdivided into smaller and simpler
particles.
Scientists thought that they had found finally
fundamental particles when John Dalton discovered
atom in 1803 and he declared that atom could not be
divided into smaller , simpler particle .For almost 100
years after Dalton discovered atoms they were
accepted as the fundamental particles of matter
But starting the late 1890s with the discovery of
electrons particles smaller and simpler than
atoms where identified. Within a few decades
,protons and Neutrons were discovered .
Ultimately ,hundreds of sub atomic particles were
found .

The key characteristic of fundamental particle is

that they have no internal structure.
 Types of fundamental particles :

There are two types of fundamental particles

1. Matter particles some of which combine to

produce the word about us.
2. Force particles one of which the photon is
responsible for electromagnetic radiation.
These are classified in the standard model of
particle physics, which theroses how the basic
building of matter interact ,governed by
fundamental forces .
Matter particles are fermions, while force
particles are boson.
 Theory of Atomic Structure
Many atomic model was invented in 18th century. Those are :-

• John Dalton Model

• Thomson's Atomic Model
• Rutherford's Nuclear Atomic Model
• Bohr's Atomic Model

Here, we will describe about last two models

 Rutherford Atomic Model

The Rutherford model, also

known as planetary model is a
model which tried to describe Ernest
an atom devised by  Rutherford

Ernest Rutherford.
Rutherford proposed, in 1911, what is now
called the Rutherford model of the atom.
He put forward these postulates that sum up
most of the model:

1. Atom contains a heavy and positively

charged part at its center. This central
part of the atom is called nucleus.
Although the nucleus is small in size, it is heavy
due to the presence of all protons and neutrons
in it. The mass of the electrons is negligible.
The nucleus has positive charge.

2. The volume occupied by the nucleus is only a

minute fraction of the total volume of the atom, i.e.
the size of the nucleus is very small as compared to
that of the whole atom.
3. Rutherford's model of atom bears a close
resemblance with the solar system in which the
massive sun plays the role of the massive nucleus and
the planets play the role of the revolving electrons.
 Limitation of Rutherford atomic model:

Rutherford model was unable to explain the

stability of an atom. According to Rutherford
postulates, electrons revolve at a very high speed
around a nucleus of an atom in a fixed orbit.
However ,Maxwell explained accelerated charged
particles release electromagnetic radiation .
Therefore ,electrons revolving around the nucleus
will release electromagnetic radiation
• The electromagnetic radiation will have
energy from the electronic motion as a
result of which the orbits will gradually
shrink . Finally the orbits will shrink and
collapse in the nucleus and atom.
According to the calculations , if Maxwell’s
explanation is followed Rutherford’s model
will collapse with 10-8 seconds
• Therefore ,Rutherford atomic model was
not following Maxwell’s theory and it was
unable to explain an atoms stability
3. Rutherford’s theory was incomplete
because it did not mention anything
about the arrangement of electrons in
the orbital. This was one of the major
drawbacks of Rutherford atomic model.
 Bohrs Atomic model

In atomic physics, Bohr

model or Bohr diagram,
presented by Niels Bohr in 1913,
is a system consisting of a small,
dense nucleus surrounded by
revolving electrons —similar to
the structure of the Solar System.
Niels Bohr
 Niels Bohr proposed, in 1913, what is now called
the Bohr model of the atom. He put forward these
three postulates that sum up most of the model:

1. The energy levels are represented by an integer

(n=1, 2, 3…) known as the quantum number. This
range of quantum number starts from nucleus side
with n=1 having the lowest energy level. The orbits
n=1, 2, 3, 4… are assigned as K, L, M, N…. shells
and when an electron attains the lowest energy
level it is said to be in the ground state.
2. The stationary orbits are attained at
distances for which the angular
momentum of the revolving electron is
an integral multiple of the reduced 
Planck's constant: mevr=nh/2π

where n = 1, 2, 3, ... is called the 

principal quantum number, Bohr’s Model of an Atom
and ħ = h/2π. The lowest value of n is 1;
this gives a smallest possible orbital
radius of 0.0529 nm known as the 
Bohr radius. Once an electron is in this
lowest orbit, it can get no closer to the
proton.
3. Electrons can only gain and lose
energy by jumping from one allowed
orbit to another, absorbing or
emitting electromagnetic radiation
with a frequency ν determined by
the energy difference of the levels
according to the Planck relation:
ΔE=E2-E1 =hv
where h is Planck's constant. 
Limitations of Bohr’s Model of an Atom

1. Bohr’s model of an atom failed to explain the

Zeeman Effect (effect of magnetic field on
the spectra of atoms).
2. It also failed to explain the Stark effect
(effect of electric field on the spectra of
atoms).
3. It violates the 
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle.
4. It could not explain the spectra obtained
from larger atoms.
 Quantum numbers
 What is Quantum Numbers ?

 Quantum numbers are a set of values that

describes the state of an electron including its
distance from the nucleus, the orientation and
type of orbital where it is likely to be found, and
its spin.
The Four Electronic Quantum Numbers

 Four quantum numbers can describe an electron

in an atom completely. These quantum numbers
are:

1. Principal quantum number (n)

2. Azimuthal quantum number (ℓ)
3. Magnetic quantum number (m)
4. Spin quantum number (s)
1. The principal quantum number (n) describes
the electron shell, or energy level, of an electron.
The value of n ranges from 1 to the shell containing
the outermost electron of that atom, that is
N=1,2,3…..

For example, in caesium (Cs), the

outermost valence electron is in the shell with
energy level 6, so an electron in caesium
can have an n value from 1 to 6
2. The azimuthal quantum number (ℓ) (also
known as the angular quantum
number or orbital quantum number)
describes the subshell, and gives the
magnitude of the orbital angular momentum
 through the relation
L2=ħ2 ℓ (ℓ + 1)
3. The magnetic quantum number (mℓ) describes
th specific orbital (or "cloud") within that
subshell, and yields the projection of the
orbital angular momentum along a specified
axis:
Lz = mℓ ħ
4. The spin projection quantum number
 (ms) describes the spin (intrinsic 
angular momentum) of the electron within
that orbital, and gives the projection of the 
spin angular momentum S along the specified
axis
 Pauli exclusion principle

In 1925 Wolfgang Pauli put forward a principle

which controls the assignment of values to the
quantum numbers of an electron in an orbital.

Pauli exclusion principle can be stated as

“It is impossible for two electrons residing in the
same orbital of a given poly-electron atom (same
atom) to have the same values of all the four
quantum numbers.”
Illustration of the principle
In order to illustrate the principle let us consider
helium atom which has two electrons (Atomic
number = 2) in is orbital for which a = 1, 1 = 0 and in
= 0. The four quantum numbers for the two electrons
in is orbital are as follows
 Photon energy
 Photon energy is the energy carried by a single
photon.
 light comes in discrete packets called photons
and the energy of each photon is set by its
color or wavelength
 From Einstein, we known that the photon
energy is inversely proportional to its
wavelength
img

Electron orbits around nucleus

From quantum mechanics, only certain orbits are allowed. Each orbits has
a specific energy.
 How atoms emit light

 Theemitted photon has an energy which is exactly

the energy difference between the orbits that the
electron had before and after.

 Because only certain energies are allowed for the

electron orbits, only certain energies of photons
can be produced. We call these the spectral lines
of hydrogen.
 Spectral lines
A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise
uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from
emission or absorption of light in a narrow frequency
range, compared with the nearby frequencies. Spectral
lines are often used to identify atoms and molecules.
Each element (hydrogen, helium, neon, mercury, iron,
…) has its own particular set of energy levels and its own
set of spectral lines.
 Types of Spectral lines

There are two types of spectral lines in the

visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum:

1. Emission lines – these appear as discrete

coloured lines, often on a black background,
and correspond to specific wavelengths of
light emitted by an object.
2. Absorption lines – these appear as dark bands,
often superimposed on a coloured continuum, and are
the result of specific wavelengths being absorbed
along the line-of-sight
Spectral lines of
hydrogen

The length of each

arrow determines the
energy and therefore
the wavelength of the
photon emitted
Uses of spectral lines
 Because each element has it own unique
pattern of spectral lines, the spectral lines from
stars can be used to determine the
composition.
 The spectral lines can be used to determine
the relative number of atoms of each
elements.
 Chemical Bond
What is Chemical Bond ?

A chemical is defined as the

attractive force that holds two or
more atoms together in a molecule
or an ion
 Different types of chemical
bond
We have the following four types of bonds which
hold the atoms together in a molecules

Strong bonds Weak bonds

Metalic bond
Ionic Co-valent Co-ordinate
Bonds Bond Bond
Hydrogen Van-der waals bond
bond
 Ionic bond
What is Ionic Bond ?
The chemical bond formed between two atoms
by the transfer of one or more valence electrons
from one atom to the other is called ionic bond.
This bond is also called electrovalent or polar
bond.
 Example of ionic compound :

1. MgO molecules.
2. CaCl2 molecules
 Covalent Bond
The chemical bond between two atoms in which the electrons (in
pairs) are shared by both the participating atoms is called covalent
bond.
 Examples of Co-valent bond
• H2 molecule is composed of two H atoms, each having one
valence electron. Each contributes an electron to the
shared pair and both atoms acquire stable helium
configuration

• In HF molecule H atom attains a doublet while F atom

achieves an octet of electrons.
 Molecular Orbital Theory

In chemistry, Molecular orbital (MO) theory is a
method for describing the electronic structure of
molecules using quantum mechanics . Electrons are
not assigned to individual bonds between atoms, but
are treated as moving under the influence of the 
nuclei in the whole molecule.
 Valence bond theory :
According to this theory a covalent bond is formed
between the two atoms by the overlap of half filled
valence atomic orbitals of each atom containing
one unpaired electron. Valence bond theory
considers that the overlapping atomic orbitals of
the participating atoms form a chemical bond.
Because of the overlapping, it is most probable
 that electrons should be in the bond region
The two types of overlapping orbitals are sigma and pi. 
Sigma bonds occur when the orbitals of two shared electrons
overlap head-to-head. Pi bonds occur when two orbitals
overlap when they are parallel. 
 Co-ordinate Covalent bond
What is Co-ordinate Co-valent Bond ?

A coordinate covalent bond, also known as a dative

bond or coordinate bond is a kind of 2-center, 2-
electron covalent bond in which the two electrons
 derive from the same atom. The bonding of metal 
ions to ligands involves this kind of interaction. This
type of interaction is central to 
Lewis acid-base theory.
Example of Co-ordinate Co-valent bond
 Metallic bond

Metallic bonding is a type of chemical bonding that

rises from the electrostatic attractive force
between conduction electrons (in the form of an
electron cloud of delocalized electrons) and
positively charged metal ions. It may be described
as the sharing of free electrons among a structure
 of positively charged ions (cations). 
Example of Metalic
Bond :
 Dipole-dipole force

What is Dipole-dipole force ?

Dipole-dipole forces are attractive forces

between the positive end of one polar
molecule and the negative end of another
polar molecule.
The figures show two arrangements of polar iodine
monochloride (ICl) molecules that give rise to dipole-
dipole attractions.
Properties of Dipole-dipole forces

Dipole-dipole forces have strengths that

range from 5 kJ to 20 kJ per mole. They are
much weaker than ionic or covalent bonds
and have a significant effect only when the
molecules involved are close together
(touching or almost touching).
Reference :
1. Modern Inorganic chemistry – RD Madan
2. Introduction to Inorganic Pharmacy -S.Z Haidar
3. https://www.britannica.com/
4. http://Wikipedia.org
5. http://khanacademy.org
Thank
You