WRITING CHAPTER II

METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
• The specific procedures or techniques used to
identify, select, process, and analyze
information about a topic.
• The methodology section allows the reader to
critically evaluate a study’s overall validity
and reliability.
• The methodology section answers two main
questions: How was the data collected or
generated? How was it analyzed?
Reliability and validity are concepts used to evaluate
the quality of research. They indicate how well a
method, technique or test measures
something. Reliability is about the consistency of
a measure, and validity is about the accuracy of a
measure.
Reliability refers to the extent to which a research
instrument consistently has the same results if it is
used in the same situation on repeated occasions.
Validity refers to how accurately a method measures
what it is intended to measure. If research has high
validity, that means it produces results that correspond to
real properties, characteristics, and variations in the
physical or social world. High reliability is one indicator
that a measurement is valid.
 CONTENTS OF CHAPTER II
METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
• Research Design
• Research Locale
• Research Participants
• Research Instrumentation
• Data Gathering Procedures
• Ethical Considerations
• Data Analysis Tools
 RESEARCH DESIGN
• refers to the overall strategy that you choose, to
integrate the different components of the study
in a coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring
you will effectively address the research
problem.
• constitutes the blueprint for the collection,
measurement, and analysis of data.
 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
Descriptive Research
• seeks to describe the current status of an identified
variable
• designed to provide systematic information about a
phenomenon
• does not usually begin with a hypothesis, but
consequently developed after collection of data
• analysis and synthesis of the data provide the test of
hypothesis
• systematic collection of information requires careful
selection of the units studied and careful measurement
 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
Exploratory Research
• research design used to investigate a problem which is
not clearly defined. It is conducted to have a better
understanding of the existing problem, but will not
provide conclusive results.
• the foundation for understanding a problem, occurrence
or phenomenon by finding its basic properties. This
ensures that a business finds the right information (such
as the variables) which can be further studied in
descriptive, correlational and experimental research.
• forms the basis of a research issue on which businesses
can set up objectives and requirements for continual
 RESEARCH LOCALE

• a term that refers to a specified area and/or subject that is

being studied in a research project.

• discusses the place or setting of the study. It describes in

brief the place where the study is conducted. Only
important features which have the bearing on the present
study are included.
 RESEARCH PARTICIPANT
• also called a human subject or an experiment, trial, or study
participant or subject, is a person who voluntarily
participates in human subject research after giving informed
consent to be the subject of the research. A research
participant is different from individuals who are not able to
give informed consent, such as children, infants, and
animals. Such individuals are preferentially referred to as
subjects.
 TARGET RESPONDENTS/PARTICIPANTS
 Clearly identify your target participants for the
survey.
 Explain why should they be your chosen target
respondents. Can their responses shed light to
the questions under survey and to the problem
at hand.?
 How many should they be based on its total
population
 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTATION
- various methods through which a researcher obtains data
from respondents which will answer the issues/problems of
the study
- can be tests, survey questionnaire (with scaled items, items
checklist or open ended option), interview, Focus Group
Discussion (FGD), observation (with checklist as in skill
assessments), quantitative and qualitative reports/records
- the use of any particular research instrument depends on the
type of data to be collected and the types of research to be
carried out
 DATA GATHERING PROCEDURES
• the process of gathering and measuring information on
variables of interest, in an established systematic
fashion that enables one to answer stated research
questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes. The
data collection component of research is common to all
fields of study including physical and social sciences,
humanities, business, etc. While methods vary by
discipline, the emphasis on ensuring accurate and
honest collection remains the same.
 DATA GATHERING PROCEDURES
• includes the discussion of the series of protocols to be
followed in data collection from the onset of data
gathering undertaking up to its completion.
 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

• Research Ethics is a codification of

scientific morality in practice. Guidelines
for research ethics specify the basic norms
and values of the research community.
They are based on general ethics of
science, just as general ethics is based on
the morality of society at large.
 PRINCIPLES OF RESEARCH ETHICS
• obtain informed consent from potential
research participants;
• minimise the risk of harm to participants;
• protect their anonymity and confidentiality;
• avoid using deceptive practices;
• give participants the right to withdraw from
your research.
 QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS TOOLS
A. Commonly Used Descriptive Statistical Tools
1. Simple Mean/Arithmetic Mean
- the average of the numbers; a calculated "central" value of a set
of numbers
- the most stable value among the measures of central tendency
- describes the characteristic or property of the variable (set) in
terms of its position from the center (on the average)
 QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS TOOLS
2. Weighted Arithmetic Mean (WAM)
- a statistical method which calculates the average by
multiplying the weights with its respective mean and
taking its sum
- a type of average in which weights are assigned to
individual values in order to determine the relative
importance of each observation
 QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS TOOLS
3. Simple Percentage
- a measure of a portion in relation to a whole
- often expressed in relation to how many of something
there
are per 100
f
P = ---------------- X 100
N
 QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS TOOLS
FINANCIAL RATIOS
• a relative magnitude of two selected numerical values
taken from an enterprise's financial statements.
• created with the use of numerical values taken from
financial statements to gain meaningful information
about a company. The numbers found on a company’s
financial statements – balance sheet, income statement,
and cash flow statement – are used to perform
quantitative analysis and assess a company’s liquidity,
leverage, growth, margins, profitability, rates of return,
valuation, and more.
 Registration Number:
QAC/R63/0216

RESEARCH POPULATION/UNIVERSE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

POPULATION (N)
- comprehensive group of individuals,
institutions, objects and so forth with
have a common characteristics that
are the interest of a researcher
- common characteristics of the
groups distinguish them from other
individual, institutions, objects and so
forth
- universe is also used as synonyms to
population.
Department of Education-Division of Quezon
SAMPLE (n)
- representative group from a
population
- the small portion of a population
selected for a particular study
- clearly represents the
characteristics of intended group
- miniature picture of cross
selection of the entire group or
aggregate from which the sample is
taken
DETERMINING THE SAMPLE SIZE
 N
Table 1 n = -----------------
Distribution of the population
Number of Students
1 + Ne2
Section Who Use e-Module
Android Apps (N)
512
G11 STEM Prometheus)
STEM (Hephaestus)
17
31
=
ABM (Apollo)
HUMSS (Achilles)
48
59
----------------------------
HUMSS (Poseidon)
HUMSS (Gaea)
50
34
1 + 512
HUMSS (Artemis)
HUMSS (Hestia)
24
20
(0.05)2
TVL (Hermes)
TVL (Athena)
47
19
512
G12 STEM (Zeus)
ABM (Andromeda)
34
35
=
HUMSS (Adonis)
HUMSS (Aphrodite)
23
11
-----------------------------
HUMSS (Hera)
TVL (Atlas)
31
14
1 + 512
TVL (Demeter)
Total
15
512
(0.0025)
512
= -------------------
TECHNIQUES IN SELECTING
THE SAMPLE
TECHNIQUES IN SELECTING
THE SAMPLE
TECHNIQUES IN SELECTING
THE SAMPLE
1. Random/Probability Sampling
• picking the desired sample size
and selecting observations
from a population in such a
way that each observation has
an equal chance of selection
until the desired sample size is
achieved.
 TYPES OF RANDOM SAMPLING
A. Simple Random Sampling (Draw
Lot/Lottery Method - A researcher randomly picks
numbers, with each number
corresponding to a subject or
item, in order to create the
sample. To create a sample
this way, the researcher must
ensure that the numbers are
well mixed before selecting
the sample population.
 TYPES OF RANDOM SAMPLING
B. Systematic Random Sampling
- Systematic sampling is an
extended implementation of
probability sampling in which each
member of the group is selected at
regular periods to form a sample.
- A researcher chooses elements
from a target population by
selecting a random starting point
and selects sample members after a
fixed ‘sampling interval.’
 TYPES OF RANDOM SAMPLING
Table 2
C. Stratified Random Sampling Distribution of the population and sample
Section Number of Students Sample
- a method of sampling that Who Use e-Module
Android Apps (N)
Size (n)

involves dividing a population G11 STEM (Prometheus)

STEM (Hephaestus)
17
31
7
14

into smaller groups–called ABM (Apollo)

HUMSS (Achilles)
48
59
21
26

strata HUMSS (Poseidon)

HUMSS (Gaea)
50
34
22
15
HUMSS (Artemis) 24 11
- the groups or strata are HUMSS (Hestia) 20 9
TVL (Hermes) 47 21
organized based on the shared TVL (Athena)
G12 STEM (Zeus)
19
34
8
15
characteristics or attributes of ABM (Andromeda)
HUMSS (Adonis)
35
23
15
10
the members in the group HUMSS (Aphrodite)
HUMSS (Hera)
11
31
5
14
- selects proportional TVL (Atlas)
TVL (Demeter)
14
15
6
7

representatives from each Total 512 225

stratum
 TYPES OF RANDOM SAMPLING
D. Cluster Random Sampling
- a method of probability
sampling that is often used to
study large populations,
particularly those that are
widely geographically dispersed
- researchers usually use pre-
existing units - researchers
divide a population into smaller
groups known as clusters
- selects proportional
representatives from each
 TYPES OF NON-RANDOM SAMPLING
2. Non-Random/Non-Probability
Sampling - a sampling method in which not
all members of the population
have an equal chance of
participating in the study
- sampling method which is most
useful for exploratory studies like
a pilot survey (deploying a survey
to a smaller sample compared to
pre-determined sample size)
 TYPES OF NON-RANDOM SAMPLING
A. Quota Sampling
- method of non-probability sampling when the samples are selected
based on the probability proportionate to the distribution of a
variable in the population
- a sampling method which is used so that the proportion of samples
for each category will have the same proportion assumed to exist in
the population
B. Convenience Sampling
- non-random sampling technique which simply includes the
individuals who happen to be most accessible to the researcher
- an easy and inexpensive way to gather initial data, but there is no
way to tell if the sample is representative of the population, so it
cannot produce generalizable results
 TYPES OF NON-RANDOM SAMPLING
C. Judgemental/Purposive Sampling
- type of non-random sampling technique which involves the
researcher using their judgement/criteria to select a sample
that is most useful to the purposes of the research
D. Snowball Sampling
- if the population is hard to access, snowball sampling can be
used to recruit participants via other participants. The number
of people you have access to “snowballs” as you get in contact
with more people.
 POINTERS IN WRITING CHAPTER II -
METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
1. Research Design
• Choose only the appropriate research design/s.
• Check the purpose of the study, the data to be
collected and the tools to be used for analysis.
2. Research Local
• Focus on the place the business will operate.
• Discuss the significant characteristics/features
of the place which have impact on the proposed
business.
 POINTERS IN WRITING CHAPTER II -
METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
3. Research Participants
• Identify and quantify the specific respondents of the
study.
• The respondents of the market study should be the well
defined target market of the proposed business. Other
respondents are those who are sources of raw
information for other aspects of the study.
• Determine the sample size from the target population
of the market study.
• Discuss the sampling techniques to be used in the
study. Justify why it is used.
 POINTERS IN WRITING CHAPTER II -
METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
4. Research Instrumentations
• Select the most suited data gatehering tools for the
study.
• Refer to the purpose of the study and the types of data
to be gathered.
• Discuss the characteristics/features and parts of the
research instruments.
• Discuss as to what specific interdependent components
of the study the research instrument intends to elicit
data or information.
• Discuss the process/es of developing the research
 POINTERS IN WRITING CHAPTER II -
METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
4. Data Gathering Procedures
• Discuss specifically all the steps to be undertaken
before, during and after the data gathering activity.
• Consider the protocols stipulated in the DLL
Research Manual.
5. Ethical Considerations
• Discuss all the ethical standards that the
researchers have conformed with in the conduct of
the investigation.
 POINTERS IN WRITING CHAPTER II -
METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
6. Data Analysis
• Discuss all the data analysis tools to be used in the
study.
• Take cognizance of the objectives of the study, the
type of data gathering tools used and the types of data
to be analyzed.
• Provide the definition and formula of the quantitative
analysis tools. For qualitative data, just provide the
definition.
• Discuss briefly about how they will be used and in what
particular interdependent components of the study
Registration Number:
QAC/R63/0216

Department of Education-Division of Quezon