Isoparametric elements and solution

techniques
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  = ½ d1-2Tk1-2d1-2 +
+ ½ d2-4 k2-4d2-4 +….=
T

= ½ D KD T

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 R=KD
• gauss elimination
• computation time:
(n order of K, b bandwith)

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 rotations

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 isoparametric elements

isoparametric: same shape functions

for both displacements and coordinates
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 computation of B
 x = du / dX

• but u=u(,  ), v=v (,  )

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• J11* and J12* are coefficients of the first
row of J-1

and

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 gauss quadrature

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 no strain at the Gauss points
so no associated strain energy
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The FE would have no resistance to loads that would activate these
modes
Global K singular
Usually such modes superposed to ‘right’ modes

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 calculated stress =EBd are
accurate at Gauss points

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• the locations of greatest accuracy are the
same Gauss points that were used for
integration of the stiffness matrix

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 Rayleigh-Ritz method

Guess a displacement set that

is compatible and satisfies the
boundary conditions
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• define the strain energy as function of
displacement set
• define the work done by external loads
• write the total energy as function of the
displacement set
• minimize the total energy as function of
the displacement and find
• simulataneous equations that are solved
to find displacements
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= (d)

d E / d d1 = 0
d E / d d2 = 0
d E / d d2 = 0
d E / d d3 = 0
……
d E / d dn = 0
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 patch tests
• only for those who develops FE

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 substructures

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• divide the FEmodel in more parts
• create a FE model of each substructure
• Assemble the reduced equations KD=R
• Solve equations

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 Simmetry

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 Constraints
CD – Q =0

C is a mxn matrix
m is the number of constraints

How to impose constraints on KD=R

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 way 1 – Lagrange multipliers
=[1 2 …. m]T

T [CD-Q]=0

 = 1/2DTKD – DTR + T [CD-Q]

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• remember
dAD / dD = AT

dDTA/ dD = A

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 example

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 way 2- penalty method

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