WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS

SYSTEM

 Sinha (1991) defined a system as a collection of objects

arranged in an ordered form, which is, in some sense, purpose
or goal directed.
 Dooge (1973) defined system as “any structure, device,
scheme, or procedure, real or abstract, that interrelates in a
given time reference, an input, cause, or stimulus, of matter,
energy, or information, and an output, effect or response, of
information, energy or matter.”
 WATER RESOURCE SYSTEMS

In general, A system can be defined as a collection of components, connected by suitable

interrelationship; that collectively responds to some demand and satisfy the specific goal.
A system must have:
i. System boundary
ii. Statement of interrelationship
iii. Model showing input and output interactions
 SYSTEM TYPES

1. Simple and complex :

• A simple system is one in which there is a direct relation between the input and the output of the system.
• A complex system is a combination of several subsystems each of which is a simple system. E.g. Basin system
comprising of many sub systems (tributaries)
2. Linear and Non-Linear :
• A linear system is one in which the output is a constant ratio of the input.
• A nonlinear system is one in which the input–output relation is such that the principle of superposition is not
valid.
 SYSTEM TYPES

3. Time Variant and Invariant

• In a time invariant system, the input–output relationship does not depend on the time of application of the input,
i.e. the output is the same for the same input at all times. The unit hydrograph in hydrology is a linear time
invariant system.
4. Continuous, Discrete and Quantized
• In a continuous system, the changes in the system take place continuously;
• In a discrete system, the state of the system changes at discrete intervals of time.
• A variable, input or an output, is said to be quantized when it changes only at certain discrete intervals of time
and holds a constant value between intervals (e.g. rainfall record)
 SYSTEM TYPES

5. Lumped Parameter and Distributed parameter

• A lumped parameter is one whose variation in space is either nonexistent or ignored (e.g. average rainfall over a
watershed).
• A parameter is said to be a distributed one if its variation in one or more spatial dimensions is taken into
account.
6. Deterministic and Probabilistic
• In a deterministic system, the same input will always produce the same output.
• In a probabilistic system, the input–output relationship is probabilistic rather than deterministic. The output
corresponding to a given input will have a probability associated with it.
 SYSTEM TYPES

7. Stable Systems:
• A stable system is one in which the output is bounded if the input is bounded. Virtually all systems in hydrology
and water resources are stable systems.
 SYSTEM APPROACH

• The input–output relationship of a system is controlled by the nature, parameters of

the system and the physical laws governing the system.
• Conversion of the input to the corresponding output requires conceptualization of the
system and its configuration to be able to construct a mathematical model of it in
which the input–output relationships are established through operating the system in
a defined fashion.
 WATER RESOURCE SYSTEMS

Design objectives of Water Resource Systems

Water-control systems
Water-use systems
Drainage
Domestic and industrial water supply
Flood control
Wastewater treatment
Salinity control
Irrigation
Sediment control
Hydropower generation
Pollution abatement
SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Source: Prof. P. P. MUJUMDAR

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Source: Prof. P. P. MUJUMDAR

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Source: Prof. P. P. MUJUMDAR

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Source: Prof. P. P. MUJUMDAR

Source: Prof. P. P. MUJUMDAR
Characterizing a System
• System boundary: rule that determines whether an element is a part of the system or the
environment
• Statement of input and output & their interactions with the environment
• Statement of interrelationships between various elements of the system (called as
Feedback)
State of the System
• Indicates condition of a system at a given time (e.g. water level, flux, etc.)
System analysis
• Arriving at a management decision based on systematic organization and analysis of
available information