Confined Space Industrial Facts

 Confined Space More Hazardous than

other Workspaces

According to a July 2020 Confined Spaces Fact Sheet from the

Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), 1,030 workers died in
incidents involving confined spaces from 2011 to 2018

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Confined Space Definition

The Occupational Safety and Fire or Explosion

Health Administration (OSHA) Temperature extremes
defines confined spaces as places
that are not necessarily designed
Accumulation of a gas,
for people but that must be entered vapor, mist, fume or
for certain jobs to be
accomplished. The National
ignitable dust
Institute for Occupational Safety Oxygen enrichment or
and Health (NIOSH) takes it a step oxygen deficiency
further by describing confined
spaces as those that are “not
Contact with hazardous
intended for continuous employee substances
occupancy,” have “limited Increase in the level of a
openings for entry and exit,” and
have “unfavorable ventilation liquid
which could contain or produce Engulfment
dangerous air contaminants.”
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Confined Space Identification

 To Decide a Confined Space

 Understand the job and its tasks.
 Assess risks & consequences.
Generic Confined spaces at Plant

 Bins, Bucket Elevators, Clinker Coolers, Cyclones, Duct Work,

Finish Mills, Heat Exchangers, Hoppers, Kilns, Pre-heater, Raw
Mills, Separators, Silos, Storage tanks, Vessels

 Confined Space might be a place under the Sun!!!

A Blue Sky Confined Space

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Confined Space Main Risks

Suffocation
Toxicity
Fire or Explosion
Atmospheric Measurement
Ignition Control
Ventilation
Energy Release
Engulfment
Rescue
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Step 2: Confined Space Risk Assessment

Confined Space Risk Control Entry

inventory Assessment Procedure

A risk assessment will

be conducted for each
2 Confined Space
identified

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CSRA Minimum Requirements
oRiskassessments should consider at a
minimum;
 Hazards that may exist due to design,
construction, location, use or contents of the
space; (ex. electrical energy source, and

 Hazards that could develop from work

performed within the space (ex. dust, heat …
etc.).

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Confined Space Main Risk

Suffocation

O2 (19.5 ~ 23.5),
Ambient Air contains
20.94 %, O2 should be
same as in ambient air.

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Fire or Explosion

Air Ignition Source

Approx. 16% Open flame
Oxygen required. Sparks & Arcs
Some fuels Friction
contain Oxygen Electricity
within their make- …etc.
up to support
burning.

Combustibles

Gases Liquids Solids

Natural Gas Gasoline Coal
Butane Kerosene Paper
Hydrogen Alcohol Grease
Acetylene Oils Plastic
Carbon Monoxide Paints Wood
…etc. …etc. …etc.
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 Confined Space Atmosphere Acceptable Limits

 Entry is allowed to a Confined Space only when its atmospheric

measurements lays within acceptable limits & whenever the
following conditions are maintained:

 Oxygen: Oxygen concentration is the same

as in Ambient Air.
 Flammability: There are no flammable
substances detected.

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Spark Control.

 In certain confined spaces (e.g., inside metal silos, tanks …etc.)

suitable precautions to prevent electric shock must be applied and
it includes:
 Use of extra low voltage equipment (typically 24V) and,
 where necessary, residual current devices.

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Ventilation
 If atmospheric hazards exist or are likely to exist in a confined
space, the confined space shall be purged, ventilated or both,
before entry.

 Ventilation key objectives:

 Adequate supply of fresh air.
 Dilutes or displaces any contaminants creating during work.

 Natural ventilation may be used to ventilate a Confined Space

provided it achieves the same results as mechanical ventilation.

 Oxygen must never be used in an attempt to correct

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Energy Release/Isolation
LOTOTO

 All hazardous energy must be isolated and locked out or otherwise

controlled prior to any Confined Space entry.

 Control of hazardous energy sources must meet the requirements

of the Group H&S Energy Isolation Standard.

 An attention should be given to unexpected closing of covers

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Engulfment

 Engulfment means to be
swallowed up in or be
immersed by material, which
may result in asphyxiation.

 The loose material can crust

over, or bridge over, in a bin
and break loose under the
weight of a worker.

Examples of stored
materials that may pose a
risk of engulfment
includes but not limited to
(sand, coal, fly ash,
cement, animal feed …
etc.).

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Rescue Planning

 Space-specific emergency rescue plans must be developed prior to

every Confined Space entry.

 These plans must be integrated in the overall site Emergency

Response Procedures as mandated by the Group Emergency
Preparedness.

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Confined Space Control Procedure (CSCP)

 After completion of the CSRA, a documented Confined Space

control procedure outlining the necessary provisions to be followed
during a specific Confined Space entry must be developed.

 Information collected from the Confined Space Risk Assessment

(CSRA) including risk control measures should be referenced or
included as part of the associated CSCP.

 CSRA – Confined Space Risk Assessment.

 CSCP – Confined Space Control Procedures.

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Identification of Confined Space Team

Responsible Entrant/Authorized
Individual

Attendant/Watchman

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Responsible Individual
 An appropriately trained and Competent
person who maintains overall
responsibility for any Confined Space
entry and is the part of the team that
enters the confined space.

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Entrant
 A Competent person who is permitted to
work in a Confined Space.

 All Entrants must be fit for work.

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Attendant
 A person assigned to continuously
monitor conditions within or near a
Confined Space and who is Competent to
provide support or react as required to
provide for the safety of the Entrants.

 The Attendant does not enter nor is

involved in work inside the space or
elsewhere.
 Be stationed immediately outside the primary
access/egress point to the space; Prevent
unauthorized entry to the space; Keep track
of who is in the Confined Space at all times

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Communication Requirements

 Entrants and Attendants must maintain two-way communication

throughout any Confined Space entry.

 Additionally, adequate means that enable the Attendant to call

assistance during an emergency is required.

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Communication Tools

 Communication methods should be selected according to the conditions of the

space and the potential hazards encountered during entry.

 Voice, radio, visual contact, video, hand signals or universal rope tug signals are
examples of acceptable communication methods.

 Entry must not be permitted if two-way communication cannot be maintained

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Training & Qualification

 A competency-based training
program must be developed
to ensure individuals
intending to enter a Confined
Space possess the
necessary skill, ability and
knowledge to perform their
duties safely.

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THANK YOU!

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