Probability and

Statistics
Chapter 1

Introduction To
Statistics

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Introduction
Some Basic concepts
Statistics is a field of study concerned with
1- collection, organization, summarization and
analysis of data.
2- drawing of inferences about a body of data
when only a part of the data is observed.
Statisticians try to interpret and
communicate the results to others.

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ORIGIN OF STATISTICS
• • The term statistics has its origin in Latin word Status, Italian
word Statista or German term statistik. All the three terms
mean Political State.
• • In ancient periods ,the beginning of statistics was made to
meet the administrative needs of the state.
• • In modern times, statistics is not related to the
administration of the state alone, but it has close relation
with almost all those activities of our lives which can be
expressed in quantitative terms.
Statistics and Computer science
Statistics play an important role in computer science by providing a
means of understanding and analyzing data. They can be used to
develop models and algorithms, and to assess the performance of
computer systems. Statistics can also be used to improve the usability
of interfaces and to design better user experiences.
Cont..
• Computer applications and statistics are tools that assist users in
performing a specific task in the most efficient manner possible.
Statistics are applied in a wide range of fields, including data mining,
speech recognition, vision and image analysis, data compression,
artificial intelligence, and network and traffic modeling.
Cont..
Data analytics and machine learning rely heavily on statistics. It is a
powerful tool that allows you to analyze and visualize data that you
may not have noticed. If you want to work in machine learning and
want to learn more about statistics, programming should be the first
step.
Cont..
Data:
• The raw material of Statistics is data.
• We may define data as figures. Figures result
from the process of counting or from taking a
measurement.
• For example:
• - When a shop seller counts the number of
costumers (counting).
• - When a nurse weighs a patient (measurement)

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 :Sources of Data *
We search for suitable data to serve as the raw
material for our investigation.
Such data are available from one or more of the
following sources:
1- Routinely kept records.
For example:
- Hospital medical records contain immense
amounts of information on patients.
- business activities.

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2- External sources.
The data needed to answer a question may already exist in
the form of
published reports, commercially available data banks, or
the research literature, i.e. someone else has already asked
the same question.

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3- Surveys:
The source may be a survey, if the data needed is about
answering certain questions.
For example:
If the administrator of a supermarket wishes to obtain
information regarding the mode of transportation used by
costumers to visit the supermarket,
then a survey may be conducted among
costumers to obtain this information.

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 4- Experiments.

Frequently the data needed to answer

a question are available only as the
result of an experiment.
For example:
If a managers wishes to know which of several
strategies is best for maximizing costumer compliance,
she might conduct an experiment in which the
different strategies of motivating compliance
are tried with different costumers.
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* A variable:
It is a characteristic that takes on different values
in different persons, places, or things.
For example:
- heart rate,
- the heights of adult males,
- the weights of preschool children,
- the ages of your costumers.

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 Types of
variables

Quantitative Qualitative

Quantitative Variables Qualitative Variables

It can be measured in the Many characteristics are not
usual sense. capable of being measured.
Some of them can be ordered
For example: or ranked.
- the heights of adult
males, For example:
- the weights of - classification of people into socio-
preschool children, economic groups,
- the ages of patients - social classes based on income,
education, etc.
seen in a
- dental clinic.

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 Types of quantitative
variables

Discrete Continuous

A discrete variable A continuous variable

involves round, concrete involves complex numbers that are
numbers that are measured across a specific time
determined by counting interval.
For example: For example:
- The number of daily - Height,
admissions to a general - weight,
hospital,
- The number of decayed, - skull circumference.
missing or filled teeth per No matter how close together the
child observed heights of two people, we
- in an can find another person whose height
- falls somewhere in between.
elementary
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- school.
* A population:
A population is the entire group that you want to draw
conclusions about.
For example:
The weights of all the costumers visited in a
certain company.
Populations may be finite or infinite.

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* A sample:
A sample is the specific group that you will collect
data from. The size of the sample is always less
than the total size of the population.
It is a part of a population.
For example:
The weights of only a fraction of these
children.

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