Lesson 1

Energy Changes

Learning Objectives:

 Define an exothermic change or reaction as one in which heat energy is given out

 Define an endothermic change or reaction as one in which heat energy is taken in

ENDOTHERMIC

&

EXOTHERMIC
Endothermic and Exothermic
1. Define endothermic and exothermic in terms of energy changes

2. Complete the following table showing examples of endothermic and exothermic

reactions:
Practical
1. Place the Polystyrene cup into 250 cm3 beaker for stability. Follow the instruction
from the sheet to carry out the practical.

2. Rinse the cup using tap water between each experiment.

3. Collect the data and identify temperature increase or decrease in each experiment.

4. In some cases the change is very small, but discernible to careful observation.

5. You may wish to repeat, as demonstration, such reactions, with a more precise
thermometer, thus providing the opportunity to discuss Precision in the plenary.
 0, 5, 10,
15, 20…
dilute sodium
cm3
hydroxide
solution

polystyrene cup polystyrene cup in

beaker with lid and
thermometer
dilute
hydrochloric 30 cm3
acid

Why must the thermometer’s

Why is the polystyrene cup
placed in another beaker?
What is the lid for?
bulb be below the surface of
At what point do you
the mixture?
measure the temperature
of the mixture?
Why should the mixture be
gently stirred?
Writing Word & Symbol Equations
For each reaction write
a. A word equation
b. A symbol equation
c. A balanced symbol equation with state symbols

Some of the formulas you need are given below:

Pb(NO3)2
NaOH
NH4Cl
HCl
CuCO3
NaHCO3
H2SO4
C6H8O7
CuSO4 Ba(OH)2
KI
Mg
Equations
1. sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid → sodium chloride + water

2. sodium hydrogencarbonate + citric acid → sodium citrate + carbon dioxide + water

3. copper sulphate + magnesium → magnesium sulphate + copper

4. sulphuric acid + magnesium → magnesium sulphate + hydrogen

5. hydrochloric acid + copper carbonate → copper chloride + carbon dioxide + water

6. lead nitrate + potassium iodide → potassium nitrate + lead iodide

Experimental Results
Start Final Temperature
Exothermic/
Reaction Reactant 1 Reactant 2 temperature temperature change
endothermic?
(C) (C) (C)

hydrochloric
A magnesium 21 37
acid

sodium
hydrochloric
B hydrogen- 20 14
acid
carbonate

copper sulfate
C zinc 20 56
solution

ammonium
D water 21 11
chloride

copper sulfate
E magnesium 20 27
solution
Analysis
1. In which reactions was heat energy:
a. given out?
b. taken in?

2. Which reaction gave out most heat? Explain your answer.

3. In which reactions was more energy released making bonds than was needed to
break bonds?

4. In which reactions was less energy released making bonds than was needed to break
bonds?
 Lesson 3
Heat Changes During Chemical Reactions

Learning Objectives:

 Define the terms temperature and heat

 Investigate changes in temperature during chemical reactions

 Use the equation Q = m c ∆T to calculate the energy released.

Background

HEAT – a type of energy transferred to an object

TEMPERATURE - a measure of the amount of heat energy present.

Temperature and Heat
Use the words more than once to fill the blanks.

Heat, Temperature, Hot, Falls, Cooler, Rise, Hotter

___________ is the measure of how ______ something is and is usually

measured using a thermometer. If there is a difference in ___________ between
any object and its surroundings then the flow of heat energy is from the
________ region to the ______ region.
If the object takes in _______ energy its temperature ______.
If the object gives out _______ energy its temperature ______.
Practical
i. Weigh and note mass of watch glass and candle.
ii. Set up apparatus, noting values of volume/mass of
water (value as instructed or chosen) (1cm³ has a
mass of 1 gram). -Note and record initial
temperature of water.
iii. Light and burn candle for ____ minutes.
iv. Note value of highest temperature recorded.
v. Extinguish flame and reweigh watch glass and
candle.
vi. By subtraction calculate mass of candle burned.
vii. By subtraction calculate increase in temperature.
Table of Results
1 2 3 Mean

Start
Temperature
End
(oC)
Difference

Start

Mass Wax (g) End

Difference
Analysis
1. Using the formula below, calculate the heat energy (Q) absorbed by the water in
Joules, J

Q = m x c x ∆T

Energy = mass of water x specific heat capacity x difference temperature

The specific heat capacity, c of water is 4.18 J g -1 oC-1

2. Calculate the energy released per gram of candle wax burned in Joules per gram, J
g-1
Questions
1. How much energy is needed to change the temperature of 50.0 g of water
by 15.0 oC?

2. How many grams of water can be heated from 20.0 oC to 75oC using 12500
Joules?

3. What is the final temperature after 840 Joules is absorbed by 10.0 g of

water at 25.0 oC
 Lesson 4
Displacement Reactions

Learning Objectives:

 Know that metals have different reactivity; that more reactive metals displace less
reactive metals from compounds;

 Temperature increase / Heat released in a metal displacement reaction relates to the

relative positions of the metals concerned in the Reactivity Series.
Displacement Reactions
Unreactive metals such as GOLD are found in the Earth as the metal itself but most
metals are found as compounds that require chemical reactions to extract the metal.

Metals less reactive than carbon can be extracted from their oxides by reduction with
carbon in a displacement reaction.

Displacement – a reaction where a more reactive element takes the place of a less reactive
element in a compound.
Reactivity Series
Potassium
Sodium
Calcium
Magnesium
Aluminium
Zinc
Iron
Lead
Copper
Silver
Gold
Practical Procedure
1. Pour 20 cm³ of Copper sulphate solution into each of the three test tubes.
2. Note and record initial temperature(s).
3. Add pre-weighed sample* of one of the three metal powders to the “test tube”
4. Note and record observations and the highest temperature obtained.
5. Repeat the above for the two other metals and new Copper sulphate solutions.
Questions
1. Write a word and symbol equation for the reactions

2. Use the equation to calculate the heat energy released in the reaction

3. Place the four metals used in order of increasing reactivity

4. What type of chemical reaction is this? Give an example of a metal which will not
react with zinc sulfate

5. Why do the samples of different metals have different volumes?

6. 1.5g of Magnesium has a volume of 0.19cm 3. What can you work out from this?

7. How have you made this a fair test? What are your independent, dependent and
control variables?
 Lesson 4
Reactions with Acids

Learning Objectives:

 Recall the reactions of metals with acid

 Understand that the Heat released is directly proportional to mass of individual metal.
Forming Salts
1. Give the formulas of the following acids:

A. Sulphuric Acid H2SO4

B. Nitric Acid HNO3

C. Hydrochloric Acid HCl

D. Phosphoric Acid H3PO4

Reactions of Acids
METAL + ACID → SALT + HYDROGEN

METAL HYDROXIDE+ ACID → SALT + WATER

METAL OXIDE+ ACID → SALT + WATER

METAL CARBONATE + ACID → SALT + WATER + CARBON

DIOXIDE
Reactions of Acids
METAL + ACID → SALT + HYDROGEN

METAL HYDROXIDE+ ACID → SALT + WATER

METAL OXIDE+ ACID → SALT + WATER

METAL CARBONATE + ACID → SALT + WATER + CARBON

DIOXIDE
Reactions of Acids
METAL + ACID → SALT + HYDROGEN

Zn + ……… HCl → ZnCl2 + H2

Ca + ………… → CaSO4 + ……………………

………… + HNO3 → NaNO3 + …………………….

………………… + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + H2

…………… + ……………. → NaCl + …………..

Reactions of Acids
Gold is an unreactive metal that does not react with acid. Other metals, such as
magnesium and zinc, react with acid producing bubbles of gas and a salt.

Identify the type of salt formed from the following acids:

A. Sulphuric Acid - sulfate

B. Nitric Acid - nitrate

C. Hydrochloric Acid - chloride

D. Phosphoric Acid - phosphate

Practical
Part A
1. Comparison of different metals

CARE - reaction with Magnesium is very vigorous – highest temperature 80 - 90 ⁰C

reached in 30 seconds or less

2. Reactions with Zinc and Iron are much slower than magnesium

Part B
3. Affect of mass of metal on heat released
Calculations
1. Calculate the heat energy released in each test tube

Q = m x c x ∆T

2. Which reaction was the most exothermic? Explain your answer

 Lesson 5
Energy Diagrams

Learning Objectives:

 Describe the energy changes in bond breaking and bond making.

 Explain how a reaction is endothermic or exothermic overall.

 Calculate the energy transferred in chemical reactions using bond energies.

Starter Questions
Are these endothermic or exothermic?

1. A red glow spread throughout the mixture and the temperature rose.

2. The mixture bubbled vigorously but the temperature dropped 150C.

3. Hydrazine and hydrogen peroxide react so explosively and powerfully that they are
used to power rockets into space.

4. The decaying grass in the compost maker was considerably above the outside
temperature.
Bond Energies
During a chemical reaction:

 energy must be supplied to break bonds in the reactants

 energy is released when bonds in the products are formed.
 Not all bonds are the same strength- it requires more energy to break some bonds than
others
 Every chemical bond has a particular bond energy associated with it

ENDOTHERMIC H
Breaking bonds needs energy

H H
Making bonds releases energy
H
EXOTHERMIC
 H H H H H H H H

H C C H + Br Br H C C H H C C H + Br Br H C C H

Br Br Br Br

C=C = 612 = C-C

4 (C-H) = 4(412) 348
Br-Br = 193 4 (C-H) =
4(412)
BREAK = 2453 FORMED
2 (C-Br) =
=
2548
2(276)
∆H = ∑(Bonds Broken) – ∑(Bonds Formed)

∆H = 2453 – 2548 = - 95 kJ mol-1

The reaction is exothermic since more energy is released making the bonds in
the products than is taken in breaking the bonds in the reactants.
Recap
Calculate the energy change for this reaction:

H2 + I2 → 2 HI

The bond energies you need are:

H-H: 436 kJ/mol

I-I: 151 kJ/mol
H-I: 280 kJ/mol
Instructions for an Energy Profile Diagram
• Draw the y-axis as energy
• Somewhere near the bottom of the axis, draw a line for the reactants
• Calculate the energy required to break the bonds
• Use small square on you graph paper as 10kJ/mol.
• Draw the upward arrow to indicate the energy required to break the bonds
• Draw a line with all the atoms
• Calculate the energy required to form the bonds
• Draw the downward arrow to indicate the energy required to make the bonds
Energy Profile Diagram
H H I I

Break bonds Make bonds

Endothermic
Energy

Exothermic

280 280
436 151 H-I H-I
H-H I-I
Endothermic

Energy Change = +436+151-280-280= +27 kJ

Collaboratively
1. Calculate the energy change for this reaction:

H2 + Cl2 → 2 HCl

The bond energies you need are:

H-H: 436 kJ/mol

Cl-Cl: 242 kJ/mol
H-Cl: 431 kJ/mol

2. Draw a fully labelled energy profile diagram for the reaction.

Independently
1. Calculate the energy change for the combustion of methane:

CH4 + O2 →

The bond energies you need are:

C-H: 413 kJ/mol

O=O: 497 kJ/mol
C=O: 802 kJ/mol
H-O: 436 kJ/mol

2. Draw a fully labelled energy profile diagram for the reaction.

Reaction Profile

Energy needed to Energy released

break bonds in making bonds in
reactants products
Activation
Energy
Reactants

Chemical Energy
Energy change
Products

∆H = ∑(Bonds Broken) – ∑(Bonds Formed)

∆H = Energy Absorbed – Energy Released

 Title: Chemical Reactions Summary
1. Magnesium powder was added to copper sulfate solution.
a. What type of reaction is this? [1]
b. Explain why this reaction takes place [2]
c. What might you observe during this reaction? [2]
d. Suggest a metal which will not react with copper sulfate solution. Explain. [2]
e. How would you measure whether the reaction was exothermic or endothermic? [3]
f. Draw a reaction profile diagram for the reaction for an exothermic and endothermic reaction [2]
g. Write a word and symbol equation for the reaction [2]
2. The temperature of 10cm3 of hydrochloric acid was 20oC. 1cm of magnesium ribbon was
added and the temperature was measured to be 25 oC.
a. Write a word and symbol equation for the reaction. [2]
b. Calculate the energy change for the reaction (heat energy = volume of acid x temp. change x 4.2)
[2]
c. A 1cm strip of magnesium has a mass of 0.012g, calculate the energy change when 1g of
magnesium is used. [2]
3. Ethane (C2H6) burns in air
a. Write a balanced word and symbol equation for the reaction [2]
b. Use the bond energies provided to calculate the energy change of the reaction [3]

Bond C-H C-C O=O C=O O-H Extension: Ethene (C2H4) has a C=C bond. The combustion
of ethene has an energy change of -1141 kJ/mol. Work
Energy (kJ/mol) 414 383 502 730 464 out the bond energy of the C=C bond