GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

THE STRUCTURE OF CRYSTALLINE AND AMORPHOUS SOLIDS

Activity 1: CRYSTALLINE SOLID

Ionic 1. CaCl2 molecular 6. CH3CH2CH2CH3

Covalent 2. SiC molecular 7. HCl
Molecular 3. N2 ionic 8. NH4NO3
Metallic 4. Fe ionic 9. K3PO4
Covalent 5. C (graphite) covalent 10. SiO2

Q1. Explain why ice, which is a crystalline solid, has a melting temperature of 0 °C, whereas
butter, which is an amorphous solid, softens over a range of temperatures.

Ice has a crystalline structure stabilized by hydrogen bonding. These

intermolecular forces are of comparable strength and thus require the same amount of
energy to overcome. As a result, ice melts at a single temperature and not over a range
of temperatures. The various, very large molecules that compose butter experience
varied van der Waals attractions of various strengths that are overcome at various
temperatures, and so the melting process occurs over a wide temperature range

Activity 2: CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS

a. Why is the arrangement of the constituent atoms or molecules more important in

determining the properties of a solid than a liquid or a gas?

The arrangement of the atoms or molecules is more important in determining the

properties of a solid because of the greater persistent long-range order of solids. Gases
and liquids cannot readily be described by the spatial arrangement of their components
because rapid molecular motion and rearrangement defines many of the properties of
liquids and gases.

b. A student obtained a solid product in a laboratory synthesis. To verify the identity of the
solid, she measured its melting point and found that the material melted over a 12°C range.
After it had cooled, she measured the melting point of the same sample again and found that
this time the solid had a sharp melting point at the temperature that is characteristic of the
desired product. Why were the two melting points different? What was responsible for the
change in the melting point?

The initial solid contained the desired compound in an amorphous state, as

indicated by the wide temperature range over which melting occurred. Slow cooling of
the liquid caused it to crystallize, as evidenced by the sharp second melting point
observed at the expected temperature.
Activity 3: CRYSTAL SYSTEMS

Activity 4: BUILD ME UP
Activity 5: CRYSTALLINE AND AMORPHOUS SOLID (Pre-lab)

Activity 6: MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. B
2. B
3. A
4. D
5. B
6. A
7. C
8. B

PHASE DIAGRAM OF WATER AND CARBON DIOXIDE

Activity 1: WATER AND CARBON DIOXIDE

A.
Solid 1. -10 °C and 50 kPa
Liquid 2. 25°C and 90 kPa
Liquid 3. 50°C and 40 kPa
Gas 4. 80°C and 5 kPa
Solid 5. -10°C and 0.3 kPa

B.

Liquid 6. −30 °C and 2000 kPa

Solid 7. −60 °C and 1000 kPa
Gas 8. −60 °C and 100 kPa
Liquid 9. 20 °C and 1500 kPa
Gas 10. 0 °C and 100 kPa

Activity 2: CRITICAL THINKING (H2O and CO2)

Problem: Imagine a substance with the following points on the phase diagram: a triple point at
.5 atm and -5ºC; a normal melting point at 20ºC; normal boiling point at 150ºC; and a critical
point at 5 atm and 1000ºC. The solid liquid line is “normal” (meaning positive sloping). For this,
complete the following:

4. Describe what one would see at pressures and temperatures above 5 atm and
1000ºC.

 One would see a super-critical fluid, when approaching the point, one would see
the meniscus between the liquid and gas disappear.

5. Describe what will happen to the substance when it begins in a vacuum at -15 ºC
and is slowly pressurized.

 The substance would begin as a gas and as the pressure increases, it would
compress and eventually solidify without liquefying as the temperature is below
the triple point temperature.
 6. Describe the phase changes from -80ºC to 500ºC at 2 atm.

 The substance would melt at somewhere around, but above 20ºC and then boil
at somewhere around, but above 150ºC. It would not form a super-critical fluid as
the neither the pressure nor temperature reach the critical pressure or
temperature.

Activity 3: THE COOL CHEMISTRY OF DRY ICE

Problem: Referring to the phase diagram of water in figure 12.4.2, predict the physical form of
a sample of water at -0.0050ºC as the pressure is gradually increased from 1.0 mmHg to 218
atm. Write your answer on the space provided.

 The sample is initially a gas, condenses to a solid as the pressure increases, and
then melts when the pressure is increased further to give a liquid.

Activity 4: DIHYDROGEN MONOXIDE

i. Identify the four phases shown as 1-4 in the phase diagram.

a. Solid c. Gas
b. Liquid d. Super critical Fluid

ii. What names are given to the points A and C?

a. Triple point b. Critical point

iii. The boundary line A-B is slightly tilted to the left. What are the physical and
biological significances of this?

Solid water (ice) is less dense than liquid water. Ice therefore floats and
rivers, lakes and oceans freeze from the top town.
As just the surface of a body of water freezes, the liquid environment for the
life-forms below the surface is preserved. If the water in a cell freezes, the ice
crystals take up more space than the liquid and this can cause cell walls to
break.

Activity 5: CARBON DIOXIDE

1. At what temperature and pressure can the solid, liquid and vapor phases of CO2 co-exits in
equilibrium?
  The three phases can coexist at triple point. From the graph, it is at -56.6ºC and
5.11 atm.

2. What is the effect of decrease of pressure on the fusion and boiling point of CO2?
 With the decrease in pressure, both the fusion and boiling point of carbon
dioxide will decrease.

3. What are the critical temperature and pressure for CO2?

 For carbon dioxide, the critical temperature is 31.1ºC and critical pressure is 73.0
atm

HEATING AND COOLING CURVES

Activity 1: THE COOLING CURVE OF WATER

i. A-B gas
ii. B-C condensation
iii. C-D liquid
iv. D-E freezing
v. E-F solid

Activity 2: THE HEATING CURVE OF WATER

1. Region 2 & 4
2. Region 1, 3, 5
3. Regions 2 & 4
4. Region 1, 3, 5
5. Region 1
6. Region 2
7. Region 4
8. Region 5
9. Region 4
10. Region 2

WAYS OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS

Activity 1: Choose The “RIGHT” One

1. C
2. C
3. C
4. D
5. B

Activity 2: CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS

Molarity, because it varies with temperature and because volume is temperature dependent.
Molality on the other hand is temperature independent because mass units are independent

Activity 3: MATCH ME!

1. G
2. E
3. C
4. A
5. H

Activity 4: Calculate The Unknown

1. 0.4 moles
2. 0.035M
3. 0.704M
4. 0.49m
5. 1.21x10-9
6. a)4.17% b)58.8% c)0.358moles

Activity 5: Expressing Concentration in Different Units

Conversion:
Solute = 5tbsp = 0.0739L = 73.9mL = 73.9g = 0.99moles
Solvent = 3.8L = 3.8kg = 3800g
Solution = 3.8739 L = 3873.9mL = 3.8739kg = 3873.9g
1. 0.256M
2. 0.261m
3. 1.91%
4. .00467 NaClO and 0.995 H2O
 STOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATIONS FOR REACTIONS IN SOLUTION

Activity 1: FILL THE EMPTY LINE

1. How many moles of NaOH are produced when 1.00 mol sodium peroxide reacts with water?
Answer:
1mol Na2O2 x 4 mol NaOH = 2.0 mol NaOH
2 mol Na2O2
2. How many moles of oxygen gas are produced when 0.500 mol sodium peroxide reacts with
water?
Answer:
0.5 mol Na2O2 x 1 mol O2 = 0.25 mol O2
2 mol Na2O2
3. How many moles of sodium peroxide are needed to produce 1.00 mol NaOH?
Answer:
1 mol NaOH x 2 mol Na2O2 = 0.5 mol NaOH
4 mol NaOH
4. How many moles of water are required to produce 2.15 mol oxygen gas?
Answer:
2.15 mol O2 x 2 mol H2O = 4.3 mol H2O
1 mol O2
5. How many moles of water are needed for 0.100 mol of sodium peroxide to react
completely?
Answer:
0.100mol Na2O2 x 2 mol H2O = 0.1 mol H2O
2 mol Na2O2

Activity 2: SIMPLE STOICHIOMETRY

1. The combustion of a sample of butane, C4H10 (lighter fluid), produced 2.64 grams of water.
2 C4H10 + 13O2 8CO2 + 10H2O
a. How many moles of water formed?
2.64g of H2O x 1 mol H2O = 0.147 mol H2O
18g H2O
b. How many moles of butane burned?
0.147 mol H2O x 2mol C4H10 = 0.0294 mol C4H10
10 mol H2O
c. How many grams of butane burned?
0.0294 mol C4H10 x 58 g C4H10 = 1.705 g C4H10
1 mol
d. How much oxygen was used up in moles?
0.147 mol H2O x 13 mol O2 = 0.191 mol O2
10 mol H2O
e. How much oxygen was used up in grams?
0.191 mol O2 x 32 g O2 = 6.112g O2
1 mol O2
Activity 3: THINK ABOUT IT!

1. 123 mL of a 1.00 M solution of NaCl is mixed with 72.5 mL of a 2.71 M solution of AgNO3.
What is the mass of AgCl(s) formed in the precipitation reaction?
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
AgCl(s) = 17.6 g
2. What volume (mL) of 0.70 M Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is needed to neutralize
270 mL of 0.40 M Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)?
2 NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2 H2O
NaOH = 3.09 ml
3. Hydrogen gas can be produced through the following reaction.
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
a. How many grams of HCl are consumed by the reaction of 2.50 moles of
magnesium?

HCl = 182g
b. What is the mass in grams of H2 gas when 4.0 moles of HCl is added to the reaction?

H2 = 4.0g
4. Acetylene gas (C2H2) is produced as a result of the following reaction.
CaC2(s) + 2H2O(l) → C2H2(g) + Ca(OH)2(aq)
a. If 3.20 moles of CaC2 are consumed in this reaction, how many grams of H2O are
needed?

H20 = 115g
b. How many grams of Ca(OH)2 would be formed with 3.20 moles of CaC2?

Ca(OH)2 = 237g
5. Laughing gas (nitrous oxide, N2O) is sometimes used as an anesthetic in dentistry. It is
produced when ammonium nitrate is decomposed according to the following reaction.
NH4NO3(s) → N2O(g) + 2H2O(l)
c. How many moles of NH4NO3 are required to produce 33.0g of N2O?

NH4NO3 = 0.749 mol

d. How many moles of water are produced with 45.0g of N2O?

H2O = 2.04 mol

Activity 4: GIVE ME MY VALUE

1. How many moles of Fe2O3 are produced when 0.275 moles of Fe is reacted?
=0.138mol Fe2O3

2. How many moles of Fe2O3 are produced when 31.0 moles of O2 is reacted?
=20.7 mol Fe2O3
3. How many moles of O2 are needed to react with 8.9 moles of Fe?
=6.7 mol O2
For questions 4 – 5, refer to the equation below
2 KClO3 → 2 KCl + 3 O2
4. How many moles of O2 will be formed from 1.65 moles of KClO3?
=2.48 mol O2
5. How many moles of KClO3 are needed to make 3.50 moles of KCl?
=3.50 mol KClO3

Activity 5: GIVE ME THE SOLUTION

4 Fe + 3 O2 → 2 Fe2O3
1. How many grams of Fe2O3 are produced when 42.7 grams of Fe is reacted?
42.7 g Fe 1 mol Fe 2 mol Fe2O3 159.70 g
Fe2O3
55.85 g Fe 2 mol Fe 1 mol
Fe2O3

= 61.0 g
Fe2O3

2. How many grams of Fe2O3 are produced when 17.0 grams of O2 is reacted?
17 g O2 1 mol O2 2 mol Fe2O3 159.70 g
Fe2O3
32 g O2 3 mol O2 1 mol
Fe2O3

= 56.6 g
Fe2O3

3.How many grams of O2 are needed to react with 125 grams of Fe?
125 g Fe 1 mol Fe 3 mol O2 32 g O2
55.85 g Fe 4 mol Fe 1 mol O2

= 53.7 g O2
 Effects of Concentration on the Colligative Properties of Solutions

ACTIVITY 1

1. FACT 6. FACT
2. BLUFF 7. FACT
3. BLUFF 8. BLUFF
4. BLUFF 9. FACT
5. FACT 10. BLUFF

ACTIVITY 2

ACTIVITY 3

LEVEL 1

1. Lowering of vapor pressure

2. Boiling point elevation
3. Freezing point depression
4. Osmotic pressure

LEVEL 2

Colligative properties of solution depend on the number of particles rather than the nature of
the solvent.

LEVEL 3

In order for a liquid to freeze it must achieve a very ordered state that results in the formation
of a crystal.

LEVEL 4

Lowering of vapor pressure is a colligative property because it only depends on number of

dissolved solute particles.

LEVEL 5

Compare the properties of 1.0 M aqeuous sugar solution to a 0.5 M aqeuous solution of NaCl.
Two solutions – one containing 1 mol of
Despite the conc. of NaCl = ½ the conc. of sucrose both solutions have precisely the same
number of dissolved particles because each NaCl unit creates two particles upon dissolution a
Na+ and a Cl-. Both solutions have the same freezing point, boiling point, vapor pressure, and
osmotic pressure because those colligative properties of a solution only depend on the
number of dissolved particles.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF ELECTROLYTE AND

NONELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS
(no ans.)